1403.pdf

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I

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N

T

R O D U C T I O N

1

A

H

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n

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W

9

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Q

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li

t y

9

B .

T h

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I m p

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f

a

D

e v e

lo

p i

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g

W

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h

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d

1 0

C

L

a n

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s e

C h

a n

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D

C h

e

m i

c a

l

a n

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l P

a ra

m

ete r s

19

E

N

o n

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in

t

So u r c e

Po

ll

ut

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n 2 5

F

P

o

i

nt

So u r c e

P

o

l l

ut

i

o n 2 7

G U

r

_b

an

B

e st

M

a n a

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e

m

e nt

P

r a ct

ic e

s 2 8

H

T h

e

R

e s e a r c

h St

u

dy

3 2

I Re s e a r c

h O b

_j

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m

.

M

E

T H O

D

S

3

5

A

.

W

ate r s

h

e

d D

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i

p t

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B

Sa

_{m p l i}

n

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tat

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8

C

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l d D

ata

C

o

l l

e ct

io n

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a

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3

1

N it

r ate a n

d N i

tri te

N i

tr o_ge n 4

4

2. A

m

m

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i

a

N i

tr o

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4

3 Tota

l

P

h

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4

C hl

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b i d i

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6

_pH

4

5

7

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e rt

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a

b

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n a

l

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m p l i

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e s u

l

ts 4 8

1 F

i

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a r a

m

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2 B a s e

li

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w

s 5 5

3 L a

b

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m

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B

_{I m p}

r o v e

d

W

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Q

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t

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at

Sit

e 1 6 9

C

Su

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m

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W

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M

o n

it

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i

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7

6

D

St

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m

Ev e nt

S

a

m p l

e s 7 7

1

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ate r Po

l l

uta nt

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o a

d

s 7 7

2

Y

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d i

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V

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SC

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S SI

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1 0 3

A

W

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lit

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Im p

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1 L o

w

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l

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w Sa

m p l

e s 1 0 3

2

St

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m E

v e nt

Sa

m p l

e s 1 0 7

B

B i

o

lo

_{g i}

c a

l I m p

acts 109

C

_{I m p l}

e

m

e nte

d C

o r r e ct

iv e

M

e a s u r es 1 1 0

D

B

M

Ps to

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n s

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f

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m

_pr o v e

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V I

.

C O N C L U SI O

N

S A N

D

R E C O

M

M

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N D A T

I

O N S

1 1 7

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d

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l

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i

o n s 1 1 7

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utu r e

W

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it

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m m

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V

n

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E R

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C

E

S C

I

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E D 12 1

V

m

. A

P P E N D I

X 1

-

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a

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(

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u

d

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io n

₎

D C

.

A

P P

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D

I X

2 -

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e nt

hi

c

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u

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(

19

9 3

)

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.

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P P E N D I X 3 -

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ata

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(

B D R-_{3 2 0}

X L

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P

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D

I X

4 -

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e ets an

d N C S

u r

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s

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N

D

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m

.

A

P P

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i

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.

A

P P

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m

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)

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D I

X

8

-

R

L I

ST

O

F T A B L E

S

1 Su

m m

a r_y of C ha_pel

H

i l l

W

e athe r Data

(

1 9 4 8 to 1 9 9 4

₎

4

2

S

e

l

e cte

d

M

e

d i

a n

E

M

C

s

fr

o

m N U

R P

(

U SE

P

A, 1

9

8 3

)

a n

d

M

i l l

s

(

1

9

8 2

)

2 7

3

B

e nt

hi

c

M

a c r o

i

n v erte

b

r ate

S

u

m m

a r_y

S

tat

i

st

i

c s

C

o

l l

ec te

d i

n

A p

r

i l

, 1 9 9 3

3 3

4.

P h

ys

i

c a

l C h

a r a cte r

i

st

i

c s Reco r

d

e

d i

n

A p

r

i l

, 1 9

9

3 3 3

5 B a s

i

n

A

r e a s

3

8

6

A

v e r a

_g

e Da

i l

_y

S

tr e a

m

F

l

o

w

s

5

5

7

S

u

m m

a r

_y

o

f F i

e

l d P

a r a

m

eter s

fr

o

m C h

a

_p

e

l H i l l St

o r

m w

ate r

P

r o

_g

r a

m

7

6

8

S

u

m m

a r_y o

f

La

b

o r ato r_{y P}a r a

m

ete r s

fr

o

m C h

a_pe

l H i l l P

r o_gr a

m

7 6

9

Si

te 2

S

to r

m S

a

m p l i

n

_g

Ev e nts

9

1

1

0

Si

te 4

S

to r

m S

a

m p l i

n_{g E}vents

9

2

1 1

Y

e a r

l

_y

T

ota

l

s

f

o r Ba s e

li

n e a n

d S

to r

m E

v e nt

L

oa

d

s 1 0 2

1 2

Y

e a r

l

_y

P

o

ll

u ta nt

L

o a

d i

n

_{g R}

ate s

f

o r

Si

te s 2 a n

d

4 _{1 0 2}

1 3 L a n

d U

s e

D

ata

F

r o

m

P

i

e

d m

o nt

S

tu

d y Si

te s an

d

M

e et

i

n

_g

o

f

t

h

e

W

ate r s 1 0 4

1 L o c at

i

o n o

f O

r a n_ge

C

o u nt_y

i

n

N

o rth

C

a r o

li

n a 3

2

G

e o c

h

e

m i

c a

l

Zon e s o

f N

ort

h C

a r o

H

n a 6

3

W

atershe

d S

o

i l S

e

ri

e s

M

a

_p

7

4

C

ha n

_g

e s

i

n

W

ate r s

h

e

d H

_y

d

r o

l

o

_g

_y a s a Re s u

lt

o

f U

r

b

a n

i

z at

i

on 12

5

W

ate r s

h

e

d A

r e a a n

d S

o

i l

Pe r

m

e a

bi l i

t_y

R

e st

ri

c t

i

o ns

f

o r

B

M

Ps 3 0

6

O

t

h

e r

C

om

m

o n R e st

ri

ct

i

on s o n B

M

Ps 3 1

7

M

e et

i

n_g o

f

the

W

at er s -

_S

_u

bb

_{a s}

i

_{n s an}

d S

_a

m p l i

_n

g S i

tes

3 6

8

St

o r

m w

ate r

D

r a

i

na

_g

e

S

_ys te

m

3 7

9

A

v e ra

_g

e

T

e

m p

er atu r e - L _o

w F l

_o

w S

_a

m p l

_{e s} 4 9

1 0

A

v e ra

_g

e

C

o n

d

u ct

i

v

it

_y -

L

_o

w F l

_o

w S

_a

m p l

_{e s}

5

1

1 1

A

v e r a

_g

e

I

D

S C

o n c e ntr at

i

o n s -

L

o

w F l

o

w S

a

m p l

e s 5 2

12 Av e r a

_g

e D

O C

o n c e ntr at

i

o n s - L

o

w

F

l

o

w S

a

m

_p

l

e s 5 3

1

3

A

v e r a

_g

e D

O

%

S

atu r at

i

o n -

L

_o

w

F

l

_o

w S

_a

m p l

_{e s} 5 4

1 4

A

v e r a_ge Da

il

_y

St

rea

m F l

o

w

-

_Si

te 2

5

7

1 5

A

v e r a_ge D ai

l

_y

St

r e a

m

F lo

w

- _{S ite 4 5 8}

1 6

A

v e r a

_g

e T u r

b i d i

t_y -

L

_o

w

F l

o

w S

a

m p l

e s

5

9

1 7

A

v e ra

_g

e

A m m

on

i

a-

N C

o n c e ntr at

i

o n s -

_L

o

w F l

o

w S

a

m p l

e s

6

0

1 8

A

v e ra

_g

e

A m m

on

i

a-

N L

_oa

d

_s -

L

_o

w F l

_o

w S

1 9 Av e r a

_g

e

N i

tr ate

& N i

tr

i

te-

N C

_{o n c e ntr at}

i

_ons -

L

_o

w F l

_o

w S

_a

m p

le s 6 3

2 0

A

v era

_g

e

N i

trate

& N i

tr

i

te-

N L

_{o a}

d

_s -

L

_o

w F l

_o

w S

_a

m p l

e s 6 4

2

1

A

v e r a

_g

e

T

ota

l

P

h

o s

_{p h}

o r u s

C

o n c e ntr atio n s - L _o

w F l

_o

w S

_a

m p l

_es 6

5

2 2

A

v e r a

_g

e P

h

o s_p

h

o r u s L o a

d

s -

_L

o

w

F

l

o

w S

a

m p l

e s 6

6

2 3

A

v e r a

_g

e

_{C hl}

o r

i d

e

C

o nce ntr at

io n s

-

L

_o

w

F

l

_o

w Sa

m p l

_es

6

7

2 4

A

ver a

_g

e

C hl

o r

i d

e

L

o a

d

s -

L

_o

w F l

_o

w Sa

m

p

le s

6

8

2 5

C

o n

d

u ct

iv

it

_y -

_Si

_t

e

1

7 1

2 6

C hl

o

ri d

e

L

oa

d

-

Sit

_e

1

7 2

2 7

A

m

m

o n

i

a-

N L

_{o a}

d

-

Sit e

₁ 7 3

2 8

N i

tr ate

& N i

t

ri

te

L

o a

d

-

_Si

te 1 7 4

2

9

T

ota

l

P

h

o s

_{p h}

o r u s

L

o a

d

-

_Si

te 1 7

5

3

0

A m m

o n

i

a-

N St

_or

m L

_oa

d

-

Si

t_e

2

7

8

3

1

N i

tr ate-

N St

_{o r}

m L

_{o a}

d

-

_Sit

_e 2 _{7 9}

3 2

T

P

St

o r

m

Lo a

d

-

S it

e 2 8 0

3 3

C hl

o

ri d

e

St

o r

m L

o a

d

-

_Si

_t

e 2

8 1

3 4

A m m

o n

i

a-

N St

_{o r}

m

L _{o a}

d

-

Si

_{te 4 8 2}

3 5

N it

r ate-

N St

_{o r}

m

_{Lo a}

d

-

Sit

_e 4 8 3

3 6

T

P

St

o r

m L

o a

d

-

_{S i}

_{te 4}

₈₄

3 7

C hl

o

ri d

e

St o

r

m L

oa

d

-

Si

t e 4

8 5

3 8

C

o n

d

u ct

iv

it

_y -

Si

_te 2 _{8 7}

3 9.

C

o n

du c

tiv

it

y -

_Si

_t

4 0

T

u r

b i d i

t_y -

Si

_te 2 8 9

4 1

T

u r

b i d i

t_y -

Si

_te 4

9 0

4 2

Sit

e 2 - A

m m

_{o n}

ia

-

N S

_{to r}

m

Lo ad Re_gr e s sio n 9 4

4 3

Sit

e 2 -

N i

tr ate

& N it

r

i

te-

N S

_{t or}

m

L _{o a}

d

R_e

g

r e s s

i

o n

9 5

4

4

Si

te 2 -

T

_ota

l P h

_{o s}

p h

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or

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e n

d

e r s o n, 1 9 4 9

)

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sto

ri

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fr

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s o n, 195 3

)

Ro

b

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o u se, a

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a

l

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m

n u s

(

1 9 1

2

- 1 9 1 6

)

a n

d f

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l l

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d i

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s

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m

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t

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at t

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f

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t

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e ca

m p

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₍

H

o u se,

19 64

)

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e et

in

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b

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im p

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h

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f

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lt

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d

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q

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o u s e

(

196 4

)

r e c o u nte

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e

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ix

, 1 9 9 4

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ot

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Ev e n

i

n 1 9 6 4,

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o u s e e xpr e s s e

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d

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trees

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o u s e, 1 9

6

4

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■_r^

1

—

^ E LIZA B E TH C I T Y

H I

U

S B O R O

•

> .RA LE IG H A S H E V I LLE

CH A RLO T T E

WIL M IN GT O N

S late A«;ricul_{tu cal E}xperi me n t S ta tio n at Ralei g h

S tatio n : C H A P E L H I L L 2

W

ID: 1 6 7 7

S tate: NOR TH C A R O L IN A Co un_{t y}: O R A N G E

Lati tude : 3 5:55:0 0 Lon_{g it}ude : 0 7 9:0 6:0 0

E le v a tio n: 5 0 0.0 0

Pa ramete r S tat is tic S. Yr E. Yr # Yr s # O bs % A

v _g Ma x M in

AIR T E M P F A H N A I R TEM P F A H N EV A P TO_{T D}A Y I N P R E C I P T O T D A Y I N S N OWD E P T H I N C H E S

M ini mum 194S 1 9 94 47 16 606 9 7 46 4 2 7 Maximum 19 4 8 19 9 4 4 7 16 67 8 9 7 7 0 6 5 9 Sum 1 9 4 8 19 9 4 47 1 2 1 7 9 71 55 73 3 Sum 1 948 19 94 4 7 1 6 7 6 2 9 8 4 5 49 7 Sum 1 9 4 8 19 9 4 4 7 1 647 3 9 6 4 6 2

5 118 1 4 18 5 7 4 7 0 7 6 8 10 4 5 7 4 5 5 3 0 3 5 7 8 8 3 3 3

2 5 1 0

From N CDC:Cl ima te D ata Ea st, 19 9 5

T he

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M

o r

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r e e

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l

y 2 2

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lo n

g

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v e r t

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sta n c e t

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o

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o r

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l w

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t

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e

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e

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e

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l

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_m

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k

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gu r e 2

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W

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C

r e e

k i

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a

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iv e r

b

a s

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n

w it

h i

n

G

e o c

h

e

m ic a

l Z

o n e I I

(

F

i g

u r e 2

)

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s z o n e

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e r

la

in

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eta

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k

s t

h

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m

o

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l

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lu

b l

e.

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e s o

l

u

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ty

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u c e s

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l i

z e

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t

h

t

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l d i

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i

n

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o

m

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to 6 0

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r a

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o r

d

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)

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n t

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ls

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e at

h

e r e

d m

a

i

n

l

_y

fr

o

m

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i

te a n

d g

n e

is s

(

U SD A

, 1 9 7 7

)

Fr o

m fi

e

l d w

o r

k

c o

m p l

ete

d

b

et

w

e e n 1 9 7 0 a n

d

1 9 7 5, t

h

e

So

i l C

o n s e r v at

io n

S

e r v

i

c e

₍

S C S

₎

c

l

a s s

i fi

e

d

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s

in

t

h

e

w

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h

e

d

a s

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r e

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o

m i

n a nt

l

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f

t

he

A p p l i

n

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-

H

_e

le n a

A

_{s s o c}

ia

ti_{o n}

(

U SD A

,

19 7

7

)

T hi

s ass o c

i

at

io n

i

s c

h

a r a cte r

iz e

d b

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e nt

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l l dr a

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l l dr a

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n e

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_y

l

o a

m

, c

la

y, o r s a n

d

y c

la

y ; o n u

p l

a n

d

s "

(

U SD A

, 1 9

7

7

)

SC S

r e

p

orts t

h

at

th

is a s s o c

i

at

i

o n

ha s

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ote nt

ia

l f

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f

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s

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r

d

o

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t

h

e

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h

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F

i

_gu r e 3

)

_;

W

e

d

o

w

e e s a n

d

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l

o a

m

o n

15

%

to 2 5

%

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lo

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Wm E

)

,

A

p p

l i

n

g

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r

b

an

l

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co

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ex o n 2

%

to 10% s

lo

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e s

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A

u

C

)

, a n

d U

r

b

a n

l

an

d

(

U

r

)

T h

e

A p p li

n

g

-U

r

b

a n

l

a n

d

c o

m

_p

l

ex

is

a

b

o ut

2

5 to

5

0 pe r c e nt

A

_p

_{p l i}

n

_g

s o

i l

s a n

d

2 0 to 4 0 pe r c e nt

u r

b

a n

l

a n

d

(

U SD A

, 1

9

7

7

)

T hi

s s o

i l

s e r

ie s

c

h

a r a cte r

iz e

sa r e ast

h

at

h

a ve

l ik

e

l

y

b

e e n

m

o

d i fi

e

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t

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ate r

i

a

l

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g

r a

d

e

d

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p

a v e

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a

d m

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o

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t

h

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i g i

n a

l

s o

i l

re

m

o v e

d b

y c o n str u ct

i

o n a ctiv

it

ie s

(

U SD

A

, 1 9 7 7

) W

e

d

o

w

e e s a n

d

y

l

o a

m

s o

i l

s a r e

g

e n e r a

l l

y o n s

i d

e s

l

o_pe s a

d

j

a c e nt to

d

r ain a

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e

w

a_ys a n

d

s u_p

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o rt

m

o st

l

_y

w

o o

d l

a n

d

s In t

h

e

W

e

d

o

w

e e s o

i l

a r e a s, s

lo

p

e a n

d l

o

w

to

m

o

d

e r ate

p

e r

m

e a

b i l i

t y

in

c r e a s e the

m

a

g

n

it

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d

e

o

f

s o

il

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io n

a n

d

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f

a c e r u n o

ff

U

r

b

a n

la n

d

(

U

r

)

c o n s

i

sts o

f

a r e a s t

h

at a

l

te r o v e r 8 0 pe r c e nt o

f

the n atu r al s o

i l i

n t

h

e

_p

r o c e s s o

f

u r

b

a n

iz a

tio n

₍

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SD A

, 1 9 7 7

)

A

s a

U

t :

o ^ 4-1

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u

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Study S i lc Lo c al io n

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m

m

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m

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u

ri

n

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e

m

agn

i

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f

s u r

f

ac e r u n o

f f

B a s e

d

o n t

h

e s e _pr o_pe rt

i

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, e a c

h

s o

i l

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ri

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i

s c atego

ri

z e

d b

y

SC S i

nto o n e o

f f

o u r

h

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d

r o

l

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i

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h

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m

o

d

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l

_y

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a n

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e

l l d

r a

i

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o c

k

u s

,

19

7 2

)

U

r

b

a n

l

a n

d

s o

i l

s a r e

d

e

fi

n e

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as

h

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l

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t

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s T

h

e _gr o u

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i

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d

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i

n a

l

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h

at

i m p

e

d

e_s

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o

w

n

w

a r

d m

o ve

m

e nt

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oc

k

u s

, 1 9 7 2

)

T

h

e

W

e

d

o

w

e e s a n

d

y lo a

m

s e

ri

e s a r e

l

o c ate

d

o n slo_pe s a

d

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a c e nt to t

h

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k

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s s e

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s

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e

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s c

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_y

hi

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r u n o

f f

p

ote nt

i

a

l

, s

h

a

l l

o

w

c

l

ay s o

i l

s, a n

d

a

h i g h w

ate r ta

b l

e

(M

o c

k

u s, 1 9 7 2

)

C

.

T

he

R

e s e a r ch

S

tu

d

y

B

e

f

o re t

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w

ate r s

h

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f

M

e et

i

n

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o

f

t

h

e

W

ate r s

C

r e e

k b

e ca

m

e e xte ns

i

v e

l y

d

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, t

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a

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m

T h

e

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r o

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t

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o

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t

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U N C

c a

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h

a s c o n v e rte

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t

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w

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a n

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m m

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l l

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m

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d

e nt

i

a

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hi

s c

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a n

i

s

m

s

i

t s u

_p

_port s Fo r

m

a n_{y y}e a r s

n o

w

,

m

e

m b

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f

t

h

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m

pu s c o

m m

u n

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ty a n

d

v

i

s

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h

e

B

ot an

i

c a

l G

a r

d

e n s

h

a v e r e_po rt e

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l

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i

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h

et

i

c _pr o

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e

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w i

t

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t

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k

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M

c

C

o r

m i

ck, 1 9 9 4

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f

o r e t

hi

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d

y,

fi

s

h

,

f

r o

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p

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p

str e a

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r e a c

h

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T hi

s

r e s e a r c

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r o

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e ct

w

a s t

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i

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to a

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r e s s

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, a n

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r e e o

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M

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.

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ate r

Q

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O

v e r t

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t t

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pr o

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s In

N

o rt

h C

a r o

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r e s s e

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pr

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ri l

_y at t

h

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l

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l

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state

l

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"

_(M

a

l

c o

m

, 1 9

83

)

.

Fe

d

e r a

l

r e_gu

la

t

i

o n s,

in c

lu

d i

ng t

h

e F e

d

e r a

l

W

ate r Po

l lu

t

i

o n

C

o ntr o

l A

ct

(

c o

m m

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f

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d

to a s t

h

e

_{C l}

e a n

W

ate r

A

ct

₎

,

w

e r e

fi

r st e sta

b li

s

h

e

d

to a

d d

r e s s t

h

e

p

o

llu

t

i

o n

fi

-o

m p

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i

nt s o u r c e s, su c

h

a s

i

n

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ri

a

l

a n

d m

u n

i

c

i p

a

l w

a ste

w

ate r

d i

s c

h

a r

g

e s

(

L

u

dw i

sze

w

s

k i

,

19 9 5

)

C

o n

g

r e s s

d

e c

la r e

d

t

h

at t

he

o

b

j

e ct

i

v e o

f

t

h

e 1

9 7

2 a ct

w

as

"

to

r e sto r e a n

d m

a

in

ta

in

t

h

e c

h

em

i

c a

l

,

p h

ys

ic a

l

a n

d b i

o

lo

g i

c a

l in

teg

ri

ty o

f

t

h

e

N

at

i

o n '

s

w

ate r s"

(

A d l

e r, et a

l

, 1

9

9 3

)

B

e s

i d

e s r e

q

u

i ri

n

g p

e r

m i

ts

f

o r a

ll p

o

in

t s o u r c e

di

s c

h

a r

_g

e s, t

h

e a ct r e

q

u

ir e

d

state s to

d

e v e

l

op

w

ate r qu a

li

ty sta n

d

a r

d

s a n

d

to

i d

e nt

i f

y a

l l

w

ate r s n ot

m

e et

in

_g

t

h

e s e sta n

d

a r

d

s

A d di

t

i

o n a

l p

o

llu

ta nt r e

d

u ct

i

o n s n e c e s s a r_y to

a c

h i

ev e t

h

e s e sta n

d

ar

d

s

w

e r e t

h

e n t o

b

e

in c

or

_p

ora te

d i

n_to t

h

e

_p

e r

m i

t r e

_q

u

ir e

m

ents Ev e n

i

n 1 9 7 2,

h

o

w

e v e r,

C

on

g

r es s r e co

g

n

i

z e

d

t

h

at t

h

e

N

at

i

on

'

s

w

ate rs

w

ere a

l

s o

b

e

i

n

_{g d}

e

_g

r a

d

e

d b y d if f

u s e,

n o n

_p

o

i

nt s o u r c e s o

f p

o

l l

ut

io n

Se

c t

i

o n 2 0 8 o

f

t

h

e a ct re_quir e

d

state s to

i d

e nt

i

_fy

al

l

s o u r c e s o

f

_po

l lu

tio n a n

d

to

d

e v elo_p a c o

m

_pr ehe n s

i

v e

w

ate r

_q

u a

l i

t_y

_{p l}

a n n

in

_g

a n

d

ma n a

_g

e

m

e nt

_p

r o

_g

r a

m

(

A

d le r

, et a

l

, 1 9 9 3

)

T

hi

s

w

ate rs

he

d

a_{p p}r o a c

h w

a s

la r

_ge

l

_y a

_b

a n

d

o n e

d b

_{y E P}

A

a n

d

t

h

e state s

in

t

h

e 1 9 8 0

'

s,

b

ut

ha s s

in c e

T

h

e

C l

e a n

W

ate r

A

ct

w

a s

m

o

d i fi

e

d i

n 1 9 7 7 to

i m

_pr o v e t

h

e c o ntr o

l

o

f

to x

i

c

c o

m

_po u n

d

s r e

l

e a s e

d i

n_to s e

w

e r s a n

d

s u r

f

a c e

w

ate r s

₍

A dl

e r, et a

l

, 1 9 9 3

)

In 1 9 8 3, t

h

e

U S

En v

i

r o n

m

e nta

l

Pr ote ct

i

o n

A

_ge n c_y

₍

E P

A

₎

r e_po rte

d

t

h

e r e s u

l

ts o

f

t

h

e

N

at

i

o n

w i d

e

U

r

b

a n Ru n o

f F

Pr o_gr a

m

(

N U R P

)

T

hi

s stu

d

_y

i

n

d i

c ate

d

t

h

at u r

_b

a n stor

m w

ate r r u n o

f f

w

a s a

m

a

_j

o r n o n_po

i

nt

_p

o

l l

uta nt s o u r c e c o ntr

ib

ut

i

n

_g

to str e a

m d

e

_g

r a

d

at

i

o n T

h

e n

i

n

1 9 8 7,

C

o n

g

re s s

p

ass e

d

t

h

e

W

ate r

Q

u a

l i

t

y A

ct t o a

dd

r e s s n o n

p

o

i

nt s o u r c e s o

f

po l

l

utio n, s u ch a s u r

b

a n sto r

m w

ate r a n

d

agr

i

c u

l

tu r al r u n ofl

f

Re c ognizing t

h

e

w

ate r

q

u a

l i

t_{y i}

m p

a cts o

f

u r

b

a n

i

z at

i

o n, s e ct

i

o n 4 0 2

(

p

)

o

f

t

h

e a ct

d i

r e cte

d

t

h

e E P

A

to

"

p

r o

m

u

l g

ate r e

_g

u

l

at

i

o n s to r e

_q

u

i

r e

N

at

i

o n a

l P

o

ll

uta nt

D i

s c

h

a r

_g

e

E l i m i

n at

i

o n

Sy

ste

m

(

N P D

E

S

₎

P

e r

m i

ts

f

o r s to r

m w

ate r

di

s c

h

a r

_g

e s"

(

L i

n

d

s a_y,

19

9 1

)

.

T h

e

d i

s c

h

a r

g

e o

f

sto r

m w

ate r r u n o

f f fi

'

o

m l

a r_ge u r

b

a n a r e a s

(

_p

o

_p

u

l

at

i

o n _gr e ate r t

h

a n 1 0 0,0 0 0

)

a n

d

i

n

d

u s tr

i

a

l

a r e a s

w

a s

i

n a

f f

e ct n o

w b

e

i

n

_g

c o n s

i d

e r e

d

a

_p

o

i

nt s o u r c e o

f p

o

l l

ut

i

on

w i

t

h

s

i m i l

a r c o ntr o

l

s a s

i

n

d

us tr

_y

a n

d w

as te

w

ate r tr e at

m

en_t

_{p l}

a nts

Be c a u s e

C h

a_pe

l H i l l

a n

d

t

h

e

U N C

c a

m p

u s to

_g

et

h

e r a r e n ot c o n s

i d

e r e

d

a

l

a r

_g

e

m

u n

i

c

i

_pal

i

t_y

_(p

o_pu

l

at

i

o n

i

s

l

e s s t

h

a n 1 0 0,0 0 0

)

, the To

w

n a n

d U

n

i

v e r s

i

ty a r e n ot

m

a n

d

ate

d

to

m

o n

i

to r a n

d

r e_gu

l

ate t

h

e

i

r sto r

m w

ate r

d i

s c

h

a r

_g

e s

S m

a

l l

c o

m m

u n

i

t

i

e s

c a n st

i l l d

e

_g

r a

d

e a r e c e

i

v

i

n

_{g w}

ate r_,

h

o

w

e v e r, an

d l

o c a

l

o r

d i

n a n c e s s u c

h

a s

C h

a

p

e

l

H i l l

'

s R e s o u r c e

C

o n s e r v at

i

o n

D i

str

i

ct

₍

R C

D

₎

h

a v e

b

e e n e sta

b l i

s

h

e

d

to c r e ate r

i p

a r

i

a n

b

u

f f

e r s a n

d

t o

_p

r ote ct str ea

m

s

fi

o

m

t

h

e

i m p

a cts o

f d

e v e

l

o

_{p m}

e nt

S

t

il l i

n

19 8 8

, t

h

e

E

P A r e_po rt e

d

to

C

o n

_g

r e s s "t

h

at

_p

o

ll

ut

i

o n

fi

-o

m d iff

u s e o r n o n_po

i

nt s o u r c e s s u c

h

a s

r u n o

f f f

r o

m

u r

b

a n a r e as a n

d i

n

d

u stria

l

s

i

te s

w

a s c

i

te

d

a s t

h

e

l

e a

d i

n

_g

c a u s e o

f w

ate r

q

u a

l i

t_y

i m

_pa

i

r

m

e nt

i

n 3 7 state s"

(

U S

E P

A

, 1 9

9 1

)

.

B . T he I

m p

a cts o

f

a D e v elo

p in

_g

W

ate r she

d

T

h

e

d

e

_g

r e e o

f i m

_pa ct o n a n u r

b

a n str e a

m i

s a

S

a n ct

i

o n o

f

t

h

e

i

n_te n s

i

t_y o

f

d

e v e

l

o_p

m

e nt a n

d

t

h

e a

m

o u nt o

f

a r e a c o n v e rte

d

to

i m p

e r v

i

o u s s u r

f

a c e s

(

r o a

d

s,

p

a r

k i

n

g

l

o ts,

b

u

i

l

di

n

g

s, etc

)

T

h

e c o n v e r s

i

o n

w i

t

hi

n a

w

ate r s

h

e

d f

r o

m

n atu r a

l

v egetate

d l

a n

d

to

i

m

_pervio u s su rfa c e s af fe cts str e a

m

_{h y d}r olo_{g y}, ge o

m

o rp holo

g

y,

w

ate r qu al ity, aqu atic

c o

m p

a cte

d

a n

d

r e su r

f

a c e

d w i

t

h im p

e r v

i

o u s

m

ate r

i

a

l

s,

l

e s s r a

i

n

i

s a

l l

o

w

e

d

to

i

n

fi l

tr ate

i

nto t

h

e s o

i l

a n

d

r e c

h

a r_ge t

h

e _gr o u n

d w

ate r

P

a r

k i

n

_{g l}

ots, r o a

d

s,

b

u

il d i

ngs, a n

d

sto r

m w

ate r c o n v e

_y

a n c e s c r e ate s

m

o ot

h

e r

h

_y

d

r a u

l i

c su r

f

a c e s a n

d d

e c r e a s e t

h

e t

i m

e o

f

c o n c e ntr at

i

o n o

f

sto r

m w

ate r

fl

o

w

s

(

S

c

h

u e

l

e r, 1 9 9 1

)

C

o n s equ e nt

l

y,

m

o r e o

f

t

h

e

str e a

m

's a n n u a

l fl

o

w i

s c o nt

ri b

ute

d b

_y sto r

m w

ate r r u n o

f f

a n

d l

e s s

i

s c o nt

ri b

ute

d b

_y

b

a s e

fl

o

w g

r o u n

dw

ate r

i

n

_p

uts

(

F i g

u r e 4a

)

T h i

s c r e ate s a

h

_y

d

r o

l

o

_{g i}

c r e

_{g i m}

e

cha r a cteri z e

d b

_y

h i

_g

h

a n

d fl

a s

h

_y sto r

m fl

o

w

s

f

o

l l

o

w

e

d b

_y r e

d

u c e

d d

r_y-

w

_{e at}h_{e r} fl _o

w

_s

(

F i

_gu r e 4

b

)

A

s a

w

ate r s

h

e

d

c o nt

i

n u e s t o

b

e c o

m

e

d

e v e

l

o

_p

e

d

,

m

or e a n

d m

or e ra

i

n

f

a

l l i

s

c o n v e rte

d

to s u r

f

a c e r u n o

f f

,

i

n c r e a s

i

n

g

t

h

e v o

l

u

m

e a n

d

v e

l

o c

i

t

y

o

f

sto r

m fl

o

w

s, t

h

e

pe a

k d i

s cha r_ge r ate, a n

d

the s e v e

ri

ty a n

d fi

equ e n cy o

f fl

o o

d i

ng e v e nts

(

F

i

gu r e 4

b

)

In

e xtr e

m

e

l

_y

d

e v e

l

o_pe

d w

ate r s

h

e

d

s

(

_gr e ate r t

h

a n 5 0

_p

e r c e nt

i m

_pe r v

i

o u s

₎

, t

h

e

p

o st

d

e v e

l

o

_{p m}

e nt

_p

e a

k di

s c

h

ar

_g

e r ate

m

a_y

i

n c r e a s e

b

_y a

f

a cto r o

f fi

v e

fr

o

m

t

h

e

pr e

d

e v e

l

o

_{p m}

e nt r ate

(

S

c

h

u e

l

e r, 1 9 9 1

)

U

r

b

a n str e a

m

c

h

a i

m

e

l g

e o

m

etr_y a

d

j

u sts t o t

h

e

h

_y

d

r o

l

o

_{g i}

c a

l

c

h

a n

_g

e s c a u s e

d b

_y

d

e v e

l

o

_{p m}

e nt

i

n t

h

e

w

ate r s

h

e

d

I

n c r e a s e

d

r u no

f f

v o

l

u

m

e s a n

d

v e

l

o c

i

t

i

e s r esu

l

t

i

n

str e a

m b

a n

k

e ro s

i

on, c

h

a n n e

l w i d

e n

i

n

g

, a n

d i

n c r ea se

d fl

o o

dp l

a

i

n e

l

e v at

i

o ns

(

F ig

u r e 4c

)

T

h i

s

_p

r o c e s s c a n c o nt

i

n u e

f

o r 1 5, 3 0 o r

m

o r e _ye a r s u nt

i l

t

h

e str e a

m

r e e sta

bl i

s

h

e s a

s ta

b l

e c

h

a n n e

l g

e o

m

etr_y t o ac co

m m

o

d

ate t

h

e a

d d i

t

i

on a

l

r u n o

f f

(

W

i l

son, 1

9

8 3

)

.

A d

_j

u st

m

e nts to

h

_y

d

r o

l

o

_{g i}

c a n

d h

_y

d

r a u

l i

c c

h

a n

_g

e s a

l

so

i

n c r e a s e s e

di m

e nt

l

o a

d

s to t

h

e

c r e e

k

In c r e a s e

d

s e

d i m

e nt

l

o a

d

s

i

n tu r n a

l

te r str e a

m m

o r

_{p h}

o

l

o

_g

_y a n

d

t

h

e n o r

m

a

l

s u

b

strate o

f

t

h

e c r e e

k b

e

d

C h

a n n e

l

s e

d i m

e n_{t s} s

h i fl

;

fr

o

m

c o a rse

-g

r a

i

n e

d p

a rt

i

c

l

e s

to

w

a r

d

s a

m i

xtu r e o

f fi

n e a n

d

c oa r s e-

_g

_{r a}

i

_{n e}

d p

_{a rt}

i

_c

l

_{e s} T

h

_{e s a n}

d

, s

il

t, a n

d

c

l

a

y

p

a rt

i

c

l

e s

fi l l

u_p t

h

e

i

nte r st

i

t

i

a

l

v o

i d

s

b

et

w

e e n

l

a r

_g

e r c o

b b l

e s a n

d g

r a v e

l

s

i

n a

_p

r o c e s s

c a

l l

e

d im b

e

d d i

n_g

(

S

c

h

u e

l

e r, 1

9

8 7

)

C

o n str u ct

i

o n a n

d l

a n

d d i

st ur

bi

n

_g

a ct

i

v

i

t

i

e s ca n c r e ate

m

a s s

i

v e s e

di m

e nt

l

oa

d

s

a n

d

_gr e at_ly

i

n c r e a s e tu r

b i d

it_y

l

e v e

l

s

d

u

ri

n_g a sto r

m

e v e nt

O

n c e c o n str u ct

i

o n

i

s

c o

m

_p

l

ete

d

a n

d

t

h

e

l

a n

d i

s v e

_g

etate

d

a n

d

sta

b il i

z e

d

, t

h

e

w

ate r qu a

l i

ty e

f f

e cts o

f

u r

b

a n

i

z at

i

o n

b

e c o

m

e a

fi m

ct

i

on o

f

t

h

e

d

e_gr e e of i

m p

er vio u s n e s s. T

h

e s e a

d di

tio n a

l