Activated partial thromboplastin time

Most of these cases showing severe plasmacytosis had increased serum immunoglobulin concentrations with prolonged Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) time (Table 6) compared to the cases with plasmacytosis of <60% indicating that prolonged PT and aPTT was associated with disease severity.

In conclusion, our study revealed higher D-dimer levels among patient with MI and appeared to be useful for diagnosing MI and might assist in the prediction of mortality, in patients presenting with any symptoms of MI or any cardiac problem. In addition, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time didn’t show any significance as among those patients due to effect with numerous factors like, anticoagulant therapy, sex, age and duration of MI.

Purpose: Endovascular treatment (EVT) of intracranial aneurysms (IA) requires a continuous anticoagulation to avoid thromboembolic complications. In order to monitor the anticoagulation, different tests may be used including the acti- vated clotting time (ACT) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). The aim of this study was to compare ACT and APTT for the monitoring of the anticoagulation during EVT of IA. Methods: Patients referred for EVT of an IA were included. After induction, baseline ACT and APTT were recorded, followed by a bolus infusion of unfraction- ated heparin (50 UI·kg –1 ). The same tests were controlled five minutes later with the purpose of doubling the baseline

Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic disease; there are 200 million people affected by Schistsoma worldwide with 600 million people being exposed around 5-7% of the patients infected by Schistosoma progress to the most severe form, hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HS). This case and control study conducted in period January 2016 to march 2016, to detect haemostatic abnormalities (activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time) in individual infected schistosoma haematobuim. According to the final result in this study showed significant difference between the mean of patients and control group in (PT). (p.value > 0.05) also result of (PTT) showed significant correlation result when compare case group with control group the mean of APTT was 43.64 and the mean of PTT control was 36.40sec.

J. (2001) The Need for Routine Pre-Operative Coagulation Screening Tests (Prothrombin Time PT/Partial Thrombop- lastin Time PTT) for Healthy Children Undergoing Elective Tonsillectomy and/or Adenoidectomy International. In- ternational Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 61, 217-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-5876(01)00574-2 [16] Rodeghiero, F., Castaman, G., Tosetto, A., Batlle, J., Baudo, F., Cappelletti, A., Casana, P., de Bosch, N., Eikenboom,

The risk of bleeding may better be defined by coagulation assay like PT, TT, aPTT and Fb [39]. The effect of C. paradisi juice was thus determined at different doses on platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, prothrombin time, and fibrinogen concentration, since these parameters can better define the risk of bleeding [40], hence were utilized to observe the efficacy of C. paradisi on coagulation process as well as their efficacy in CVD.

We collected the ECMO blood flow at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h on ECMO. Improvement in circulatory and respira- tory physiological indicators were considered, as well as IPPV parameters at 6 h pre-ECMO and 24, 48, and 72 h on ECMO. Furthermore, anticoagulation indicators dur- ing ECMO, including the types of anticoagulant drugs and methods of use; the maximum and minimum values of the activated coagulation time (ACT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT); and the differences between the maximum and minimum ACT and APTT at 24, 48, and 72 h on ECMO were recorded. Finally, data regarding complications during ECMO therapy, in- cluding ECMO and IPPV-related complications and nosocomial infections, were collected.

Alteration in endothelial function may precede the development of morphological changes in disorders and may contribute to morbid development and clinical complications. Therefore, this work attempted to evaluate the levels of endocan (endothelial specific molecule-1) and other coagulation parameters and find their prognostic significance with respect to severity of human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection. Sixty HIV infected patients on drugs and antiretroviral (ART) naïve were enrolled in a prospective, cross- sectional study while thirty HIV non reactive, apparently healthy individuals were recruited as control. Endocan was measured using high sensitive Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma levels of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were determined to check both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. CD4+ count and platelet count were also analyzed by standard methods. HIV positive patients who are already on antiretroviral therapy (ART) had significantly increased endocan levels (471.134+92.84 pg/ml) compared to normal control (208.277+106.60 pg/ml) (p<0.05) while patients that are ART naïve had significantly increased endocan levels when compared to those already on drugs (611.60+608.77pg/ml) (p<0.05). HIV – 1 infected subjects not on drugs had significantly increased platelet count (145.1+580 cumm) when compared with normal subjects (90.100+40.00 cumm) (P< .0001) however, group on drugs had marginal decrease compared to normal group (85.000+192cumm). Markers of intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation- APTT and PT were significantly elevated in HIV positive patient when compared with apparently healthy controls. This is significantly associated with severity.

Two of the most common clinical assays used to assess thrombotic state are Prothrombin Time (PT) and activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT). PT measures the amount of time it takes for the “extrinsic” pathway to be activated and produce fibrin. aPTT measures the time for “intrinsic” pathway activation. Unfractionated heparin extends aPTT, but each laboratory must determine the therapeutic time range based on their own aPTT system [7]. Warfarin extends Prothrombin Time. Some new

Experimental data show that dabigatran may be re- moved from the circulation by dialysis [7]. This ap- proach is reported to be effective in patients with end- stage renal disease and several case reports have been published showing that dialysis is effective in reducing plasma concentrations of dabigatran [8-10]. However, this procedure may not be feasible in haemodynamically unstable patients with haemorrhagic shock. Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), activated PCC (aPCC) and recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) have been pro- posed as candidates for reversing the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran. However, results from initial experimental trials are inconclusive and they do not account for differ- ent dabigatran concentrations or the combined effects of dabigatran and severe injury such as trauma [11-13]. Data from the few studies that have been performed in humans are also inconclusive. One study of PCC in healthy volun- teers previously receiving dabigatran showed an increase in endogenous thrombin potential [14], whereas in an- other study PCC did not reverse the effect of dabigatran as measured by activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) [15]. A specific antibody fragment to dabigatran (aDabi-Fab) is in development, and in a rat model of antic- oagulation it rapidly reversed the anticoagulant activity of dabigatran [16]. However, this antidote is not yet licensed for clinical use.

APTT: Activated partial thromboplastin time; AVR: Aortic valve replacement; CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting; CPB: Cardiopulmonary bypass; FFP: Fresh frozen plasma; FVIIa: Activated factor VII; MVP: Mitral valve plasty; MVR: Mitral valve replacement; PC: Platelet concentrate; PT: Prothrombin time; RBC: Red blood cell; SFMC: Soluble fibrin monomer complex; TAA: Thoracic aortic aneurysm; TAP: Tricuspid annuloplasty; TAR: Total arch replacement; TAT: Thrombin – antithrombin complex; TF: Tissue factor; TFPI: Tissue factor pathway inhibitor.

Objective :This study is designed to assess some hemostatic indices as plasma levels of fibrinogen, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (AP[r]

possible. Conventional coagulation tests (CCT), such as prothrombin time/international normalised ratio (PT/ INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fi- brinogen concentration and PLT, have traditionally been used. However, there is a striking lack of evidence to support the use of these CCTs to monitor resuscitation, although threshold triggers for intervention based on CCTs have been suggested [5]. Recent published evi- dence describes an increasing recognition for the poten- tial of the two current market-leading Viscoelastic Haemostatic Assays (VHAs) namely thromboelastogra- phy (TEG®; Haemonetics Incorporation) and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®; TEM Innovation GmbH). Both platforms use similar test modes to rapidly and accurately determine the functional coagulation status of patient whole blood. However, the evidence base supporting a role for these VHA devices is lim- ited, and less attention has been directed to under- standing their cost-effectiveness. Cost-effectiveness may be particularly relevant both in the context of additional therapeutic interventions required, but also in potential savings, if fewer treatments are required based on delivery of individualised assessments of haemostasis.

history of bleeding disorders. He had taken his morning dose of apixaban and presented with respiratory distress, fever, and hypotension. His blood samples showed a hemoglobin level of 97 g/L, leukocyte count of 10.3 × 10 9 /L, thrombocyte count of 157 × 10 9 /L, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 45 ml/minute, and C- reactive protein concentration of 337 mg/L. He had nor- mal liver function tests. Both prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were prolonged (Table 1). An echocardiography revealed an extreme aorta stenosis and a left ventricle dysfunction. His condition deteriorated rapidly, and surgery to re- place the aortic valve was needed immediately. There was no time to await the wash-out effect of apixaban. Due to recent apixaban tablet intake and need for major surgery with potentially large blood loss, aPCC (FEIBA © ) 3000 IU (25 IU/kg) was administered over a 10-minute period prior to surgery to reverse the anticoagulation effect of apixaban. Afterwards, cardiopulmonary bypass was established with full heparinization, which was mon- itored with aPTT. Before and after the aPCC treatment, but before starting the heparin infusion, blood samples were collected in citrated test tubes prefilled with corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI) and in test tubes containing only citrate. The apixaban concentration was measured by anti-FXa activity (aFXa) assay, and coagulation status was assessed by thromboelastometry (ROTEM®; Tem Innovations, Munich, Germany) using minimal tissue factor activation [13, 14], PT, and aPTT before and after aPCC treatment. ROTEM™ clotting time (CT) was short- ened from 1900 to 740 seconds, and clot formation time (CFT) was shortened from 353 to 191 seconds. PT and aPTT were reduced from 62 to 20 and 58 to 48, respect- ively. Surgery was performed successfully without exces- sive bleeding or thromboembolic complications. Hence, administering aPCC improved hemostasis, which was assessed clinically by the surgeon and measured by glo- bal coagulation tests (Fig. 1a, b) (Table 1).

coagulation system that are most affected by ARS and to estimate the enterosorption effect on the develop - ment of irradiation-induced changes. Platelet aggregation rate, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and fibrinogen concentration were determined by standard methods. Level of protein C (PC) was measured using chromogenic substrate S2366 (p-glu-Pro-arg-pNa) and agkistrodon halys halys snake venom activa- ting enzyme. Functionally inactive forms of prothrombin (FIFPs) were determined using two activators in parallel – thromboplastin or prothrombin activator from echis multisqumatis venom. rats of both irradia ted groups had a higher risk of intravascular clotting in comparison to both control groups. Statistically signifi- cant shortening of clotting time in the APTT test (24 ± 4 s vs. 33 ± 5 s) and increased fibrinogen concentration (4.2 ± 0.6 mg/ml vs. 3.2 ± 0.3 mg/ml) were detected. Both parameters were normalized on the 9 th day after ir-

Dogs were evaluated prior to allogeneic MSC transplant- ation, as well as on days 1, 3, and 7 post-transplantation. Occurrence of adverse events was routinely assessed. A physical examination, complete blood count (CBC) with differentials, arterial blood gas (i-STAT, Abbott Laborator- ies, Abbott Park, IL) and serum chemistry panel were performed. Coagulation profiles (Behnk Elektronik Coagu- lator, Norderstedt, Germany) including a prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) (Neodin Veterin- ary Diagnosis Laboratories, Korea), and D-dimer (Nyco- Card Reader II, AS Company, Oslo, Norway) were also evaluated. Hemodynamic changes were monitored by measuring indirect arterial blood pressure (Cardell Model 9401, Sharn Veterinary Inc., Tampa, FL), performing 6 leads ECG (Cardiofax GEM ECG-9020 K, Nihon Kohden, Japan) and by complete echocardiographic examination (Logiq400, GE healthcare, Milwaukee, WI), which in- cluded transthoracic 2-D, M-mode, spectral, and color flow Doppler. All echocardiographic measurements were followed previously described methods [13-15].

Many studies have assessed the coagulation system in DVI through conventional coagulation tests such as the prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), thrombin time (TT), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) [3, 6, 8, 9]. Nevertheless, conventional coagulation tests were validated to monitor vitamin K antagonists and heparin therapy [10, 11]. Al- though conventional coagulation tests have not been val- idated to predict and/or to guide therapy in acute (acquired) hemorrhage, they have been widely used for this purpose [10]. Conventional coagulation tests results may take a few hours to be completed and reported, they track the complexity of hemostatic impairment poorly, and most frequently, they reflect late coagulopa- thy disorders [10–13].

This study evaluated the effects of time and temperature variables on routine Proth- rombin Time test and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) test among subjects of African descent in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. Samples of 99 subjects made up of 49 male and 50 female subjects with mean age 38.3 ± 22.3 years. Coagu- lation tests were performed immediately specified times after phlebotomy up to 24 hours (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 24 hours at room temperature of 40 degrees C. Our data demonstrate that prothrombin time and APTT results are stable for up to 2 hours, remaining constant regardless of storage conditions. Post hoc tests using Bonferroni correction revealed that there were increases in PT time from 0 hour to 4 hours (17.82 ± 0.61 seconds vs 18.30 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively), from 0 hour to 24 hours (17.82 ± 0.61 seconds vs 18.48 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively), from 2 hours to 4 hours (17.89 ± 0.58 seconds vs 18.30 ± 0.59 seconds), from 2 hours to 24 hours (17.89 ± 0.58 seconds vs 18.48 ± 0.58 seconds), which were all statistically significant (p = 0.002 and p < 0.000, p < 0.000, p < 0.000, respectively). However, the increase in PT time from 0 hour to 2 hours (17.82 ± 0.61 seconds vs 17.89 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively) and from 4 hours to 24 hours (18.30 ± 0.59 vs 18.48 ± 0.59 seconds, respectively) were not statistically significant (p = 1, p = 0.428). A repeated measure ANOVA de- termined that mean PTTK time differed statistically significantly between time points F (3, 291) = 119.22, p < 0.001. Post hoc tests using Bonferroni correction revealed that there were increase in PTTK time from 0 hour to 2 hours (37.86 ± 1.04 seconds vs 39.94 ± 1.07 seconds, respectively), from 0 hour to 4 hours (37.86 ± 1.04 seconds How to cite this paper: Ikhuenbor, D.,

Measurement of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) We used five glass hemolysis tubes. The procedure used is summarized in Table II. Tube T0 is the control tube and tubes T1, T2, T3 and T4 are the test tubes (which have received different doses of M. sapientum). We measure the time of appearance of the clot by tipping every five seconds the tubes at 90°C. The test is repeated five times and averaged.

anti-fXa, anti-activated factor X activity; aPCC, activated prothrombinase complex concentrate; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AUC, area under the curve; bid, twice daily; BT, bleeding time; ECT, ecarin clotting time; ETP, endogenous thrombin potential; FFP, fresh frozen plasma; fIX, coagulation factor IX; fX, coagulation factor X; INR, international normalized ratio; IV, intravenous; PCC, prothrombin complex concentrate; po, by mouth; PT prothrombin time; rFVIIA, recombinant activated factor VII; TAT, thrombin-antithrombin complex; TE, thromboelastography; TG, thrombin generation assay; TT, thrombin time.