Integrated Water Resources Management

Water is critical, but often overlooked element in sustainable development. If effective, long lasting solutions to water problems are to be found a new water governance and management paradigm is required. Such a new paradigm is encapsulated in the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) concept, which has been defined by GWP as ‘a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital eco-systems’.

As the literature suggests, the principles of integrated water resources management were first laid down as the Dublin Principles in 1992. This protocol addresses such issues as the limitation of fresh water resources, appli- cation of comprehensive principles in water resource management, synchronization of social and economic development, conservation of resources and the environ- ment, use of participatory development tools, increase of social awareness especially for women, and observance of the principles of the economic value of water (IWRM, 2004). In addition, the Global Water Partnership Pro- gram defines integrated water resources management as a process in which the coordinated development and management of water and soil resources and other re- lated resources should be considered for the promotion of social and economic well-being in a fair manner and without sacrificing the sustainability of critical ecosys- tems (Calusen, 2005). In the first World Water Summit in 2000, the issue of integrated water resources manage- ment became more strategic; in fact, it was stated that managing integrated water resources is a fundamental and comprehensive strategy to find a favorable outlook for the environmental status of water and to meet agri- cultural, industrial, drinking and environmental needs. Finally, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) defines the issue as a fundamental process for sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resources in social, economic and environmental fields.

In order to deliver positive gains to the target communities, long term water project sustainability is desired. This study is focused on the influence of integrated water resources management approach on projects sustainability in the Lake Naivasha basin, Kenya. The study explored the influence of stakeholder participation, women involvement and use of water as an economic goods. A descriptive research design was adopted with a target population of 632 members from 12 Water Resources Associations. A combination of stratified random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the sample size of 86 respondents. A structured questionnaire was used. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20 for descriptive and inferential analysis. Women empowerment; involvement and leadership enhance sustainability of water projects. A statistically significant positive correlation existed between influence of stakeholder participation, women involvement, using water as an economic good (r= 0.531, 0.622 and 0.627). The study concluded that sustainability of the water projects is largely dependent on stakeholder participation, women involvement and commitment to using water as an economic good by paying water use fees, maintenance costs and conserving water catchments.

The existing definition of integrated water resources management (IWRM) promotes a holistic approach to water resources management practice. The IWRM deals with planning, design and operation of complex systems in order to control the quantity, quality, temporal and spatial distribution of water with the main objective of meeting human and ecological needs and providing protection from water disasters. One of the main challenges of IWRM is development of tools for operational implementation of the concept and dynamic coupling of physical and socio-economic components of water resources systems. This research examines the role of simulation in IWRM practices, analyses the advantages and limitations of existing modeling methods, and, as a result, suggests a new generic multi-method modeling framework that has the main goal to capture all structural complexities and interactions within water resources systems. Since traditional modeling methods solely do not provide sufficient support, this framework uses multi-method simulation approach to examine the co-dependence between natural resources and socio-economic environment. Designed framework consists of (i) a spatial database, (ii) a process-based model for representing the physical environment and changing conditions, and (iii) an agent-based model for representing spatially explicit socio-economic environment. The main idea behind multi-agent models is to build virtual complex systems composed of autonomous entities, which operate on local knowledge, possess limited abilities, affect and are affected by local environment, and thus enact the desired global system behavior. Based on the architecture of the generic multi-method modeling framework, an operational model is developed for the Upper Thames River basin, Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Six different experiments combine three climate and two socio-economic scenarios to analyze spatial dynamics of a complex physical-social-economic system. Obtained results present strong dependence between changes in hydrologic regime, in this case surface runoff and groundwater recharge rates, and regional socio-economic activities.

T his paper summarizes the progress of the Corps of Engineers’ Advanced Degree Program in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and the results of a survey that was conducted in the summer of 2006 to solicit feedback on training needs related to IWRM. The survey, which was jointly sponsored by the Universities Council on Water Resources (UCOWR) and the American Water Resources Association (AWRA), was conducted to capture the views of water resource specialists related to the emerging field of IWRM. Over 600 people responded to the survey, representing a fairly balanced blend of academicians, government officials and consultants. The results suggest that there are often opposing views of what comprises IWRM and the means by which it should be implemented in the U.S.

Abstract: Guidelines produced by some major international organisations create a misleading impression that Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) can be implemented in a standardized fashion. However, contextual conditions vary from place to place, and differences in beliefs, attitudes, customs, and norms sensibly influence interpretation and implementation. Experiences with IWRM in Oregon (USA) and Ontario (Canada) are examined with regard to scope, scale, responsibility, engagement, finances and financing, and review processes and mechanisms. Development of IWRM and the evolution of governance have been shaped by different concerns and beliefs. Oregon has adopted a locally-driven and entrepreneurial approach, whereas Ontario developed a co-operative inter-governmental approach. In both cases, IWRM governance has also evolved due to changes in funding and priorities, which have benefitted some catchments and communities more than others. Both cases provide positive examples of reflexivity and resilience, and demonstrate the importance of review processes and strong cross-scale connections for effective governance. While underlying principles may be relevant for other locations, it would be a mistake to think that either of the two approaches for IWRM could be replicated elsewhere in their exact form. Implementation of IWRM in other parts of those countries and the world should, therefore, start with careful analysis of the local context, and existing governance arrangements and governmentalities.

Abstract: Water resources management setup and practices in Georgia are relied on administrative approaches. Gradual introduction and implementation of the river basin based Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) will require corresponding legal and institutional adjustment as well as significant capacity building. The IWRM model for Georgia is intended to address prioritized concerns regarding water resource management, based on extensive consultations with stakeholders from a wide range of agencies and institutions related to water issues. Managing water efficiently, balancing conflicting uses of water resources, eliminating the results of catastrophic floods causing loss of human lives and damages to infrastructure and settlements and ensuring environmental stability of the river basins are critical issues which should be solved through ecosystem-based Integrated Water Resource Management approaches. The manuscript briefly reviews why the issue of shifting to IWRM is a priority for Georgia, what actions are needed to be implemented, and what are the sequences of these actions.

This paper considers an integrated water management problem for a region lacking fresh and ground water resources, which comprises (a) the optimal placement of desalination, water reclamation and wastewater treatment plants, (b) the calculation of the optimal capacities of the above facilities, and (c) the calculation of the optimal conveyance system for desalinated, reclaimed water and wastewater. This problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, with an objective to minimise the annualised total cost including capital and operating costs. Finally, the proposed model is applied to a real case for the Greek island of Syros in the Aegean Sea. Keywords: integrated water resources management, MILP, desalination, wastewater treatment, water reclamation

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is defined as “a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems” (the Global Water Partnership (GWP)). From a management perspective, IWRM can be categorized into two types, i.e. integrated water utilization and disaster mitigation, the former involves hydropower, irrigation, navigation, water supply (domestic and industrial water use, etc.), and the latter involves mainly flood management and drought relief. To achieve those water management targets, engineering measures and non-engineering measures are planned and implemented.

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) n vew of envronmental sustanablty aspects s geared toward readers of decson-makers level takng an ntroductory to peer the profound problems on water resources and envronment. Integrated management means that all the dfferent uses of water resources are consdered together. The bass of IWRM s that dfferent uses of water are nterdependent. Water allocatons and management decsons consder the effects of each use on the others. They are able to take account of overall socal and economc goals, ncludng the achevement of sustanable development. The book’s materal s also applcable for readers enrolled n upper level scence, technology and engneerng related to water resources and envronment. The readers should already understand such water supply, wastewater, rrgaton, water and food producton, water and natural dsaster, ndustral water consumpton, coolng water, hydropower energy, and rver transportaton as well as envronmental sustanablty.

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) has been proposed and is now practiced as the new method of water management. It is an approach to land and water resources planning and management that encourages participants to consider a wide array of social and environmental interconnections. It extends beyond traditional, multi- purpose natural resources management to address societal goals and ecosystem functioning. The term IWRM implies the inclusion of a full array of physical, biological, and socioeconomic variables involved in managing a region for environmental values and human use. Many agency natural resource managers and academics have supported planning and managing water and related land resources on a watershed (catchment, river basin) basis and the approach is now being widely adopted (Anonymous, 1997; Ballweber, undated; Batchelor, 1999; Bellamy et al., 1999; Born and Margerum, 1993; Born and Sonzogni, 1995; Burton, J, 1986, 1988; CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, 2003; Downs et al., 1991; Environmental Protection Agency, 1993; Gonzales and Arias, 2001; Heathcote, 1998; Hooper and Margerum, 2000; Jonch-Clausen and Fugl, 2001; Margerum and Born, 2000; Mitchell and Hollick, 1993; OECD, 1989; Rogers; 1993; White, 1997).

water requirement of crops will increase and most likely to result in more strong competition for avail- able water sharing among local users. Therefore, due to this highly inconsistent temporal and spatial variability of rainfall occurring over the entire growing season, there is a need for supplemental irrigation using rain- water harvesting even in the wet and rainy season for better production. Additionally, it can laid a founda- tion for water management approaches to reduce the adverse effects of food shortage in Ethiopia. Harvesting rainfall and surface runoff and using it in an integrated way can reduce intense pressure on crops therefore can reduce negative economic consequences in rural com- munities. Policies and concerned institutions are neces- sary to overwhelm the adverse problems. Therefore, it is essential that the concerned stockholders and com- munities should be involved in every phase of planning and implementing water harvesting process. Generally, integrated water resources management plays a sig- nificant role in order to integrate and address various aspects water shortage and sustainably use harvested water for supplemental irrigation during less rainfall and dry season.

IWRM is not just about managing physical resources, it is also about reforming human systems to enable people, women as well as men, to benefit from those resources and to protect and manage them. Integrated water resources management is a compre- hensive process for the sustainable development, allocation and monitoring of water resources and their use in the context of social, economic and environmental objec- tives. The integration of groundwater into the IWRM paradigm can provide important benefits for both the water managers and the societies that they serve.

The Methodology report is based on secondary data available in published and unpublished materials e.g. books, journals, magazines, periodical reports, national documents. Rigorous internet searching is one of the major sources of data and information. The consultation with the documents lays the foundation of the report. For situation analysis of the studied countries, non printed internet documents played pioneer role. Literature related to IWRM has been vigorously studied to capture the ro- bust view of dg the role of IWRM to make the bridge between water management and poverty dimension. Alongside, intergovernmental organizational and deve- lopment organizational documents, briefing papers, fact sheets provide a peer looking on the situation happening around the world. National documents and policies are the building blocks to depict the country’s policies and its state relatedefinin to spirit of IWRM. The report fol- lows the sequential path to reach conclusion as portrayed in Figure 1.

Abstract: The increased demand for water and land in South Africa, in particular the Western Cape Province as a consequence of population growth, climate change and economic development has reportedly been accelerated from year to year. The province has been adhering to the Intergrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) which was developed in the Water Indaba of 2009 in order to respond to the joint National and Provincial action towards managing the water resources in the Western Cape Province. At the same time, there is growing empirical evidence that challenges the scientific consensus and the practical implications of implementing IWRM provincially and nationally, although the nature of the implementation challenges may differ in different contexts. Against this background, this paper investigates the nature of the practical challenges to implementing water resource management in the Western Cape region. The study reviewed existing literature on the various issues of IWRM in South Africa; the various basins in the country; the existing measures that the authorities have in place to deal with water resources management issues; the challenges that hinder the progress of their achievements and some suggestions that if considered can improve the current water resources management situations in South Africa. The availability of water and a broader range of water-related issues are identified. The recommended actions for improving the future IWRM are suggested. Challenges to improve the capacity buildings of IWRM related to enabling environment, institutional frameworks and management instruments are verified to contribute to the future directions for efficient problem- solving ability.

In 1964 IS had completed its NWC, which pumps an an- nual water amount of 440 MCM for domestic use; another 100 MCM are pumped every year for agriculture purposes (Courcier et al., 2005). In March, May, and August 1965 the Israeli army attacked the diversion works in Syria, which was one among other causes for 1967 war (Cooley, 1984). After the 1967 war IS controlled half of the length of the Yarmouk River (80 km), compared to 10 km before the war (Murakami, 1995). Moreover, in the 1967 war the Israeli army destroyed more than 140 Palestinian wells (Humphries, 2006), which again indicates that water was the most im- portant factor leading to the war (Brooks, 1994). Further- more, the Israeli occupation of Golan Heights and the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon have given IS a full control of the Jordan River flow and have increased their fresh water supplies by almost 50%, especially when they included Hasbani and Wazzani rivers in their security zone (Hewedy, 1989). IS also aimed, during the 1982 invasion, at capturing the Litani water and directing it into the occupied lands (Cooley, 1984).

A BSTRACT : Inventories of water users are a vital step in the management of water resources. And new technologies such as GIS, remote sensing and DBMS help to facilitate the collection, management, and exploitation of data collected during inventories. This study is being carried out as part of a project launched by the Loukkos Watershed Agency which aims to carry out inventories of water users in its area of action. For effective management of water resources, it is necessary to identify all water withdrawals for irrigation, industrial or drinking water purposes. This study enabled, on the one hand, to update the inventory of the main water samplers of the Oued Laou Basin which is part of the Lukkos Basin Agency intervention zone, and on the other hand, the development of a database of sampling points and their characteristics and a Web mapping application to facilitate the consultation of these data by the ABHL. Information control is a major issue for any organization at the operational, decision-making and strategic levels. GIS has made a significant contribution to databases as it provides, through geographic information, a unifying framework for data and powerful tools for interpreting, analyzing and representing this data.

Accurate estimation of these recharge rates cannot be separated from the recent practice of using desalinated water for irrigation in private farms in the study area. This practice was a consequence of two factors. The first was the justified hindrance policy of groundwater usage for irrigation adapted recently by the authorities in an attempt to recover the overexploited groundwater storage. The second is the hesitancy of individuals to use treated wastewater in irrigation for different valid social concerns. The surplus of treated wastewater is, hence, dumped in desert lagoons imposing additional input to the groundwater storage. Both factors contributed to the immense use of desalinated water in irrigation, which eventually reaches groundwater as another new input to the aquifer. This shift in water resources production and use in the past few years has actually resulted in huge fluctuations in the water table to the extent that groundwater level has surprisingly risen considerably in some areas in Al-Ain. In addition to the abovementioned factors, this rise could be

The main results of SAID project are software products (DSSs) for managing river basins, reservoirs, irrigation channels and hydroelectric power systems. In addition, policies for integrated management of floods, water demand supply, water quality and optimization of energy production have been defined in the project. These DSS software and modules can be exploited independently or integrated in a platform as a whole.

Abstract. This paper focuses on the applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) to develop a model for water resource management in the Pranburi watershed by using stakeholder participation. The hierarchy model structure of the Pranburi watershed was developed by the experts based on IWRM and classified into 4 criteria, 15 sub-criteria, and 3 alternatives. The questionnaire method was the tool used for obtaining a weighing for comparison between the pairs of criteria obtained from community representatives. The finding revealed that the important criteria are the environmental factors. The highest ranked of the alternatives is the watershed planning strategy. These results implied that community focused stakeholder participation in the decision-making process for water resources in Pranburi watershed gave a positive outcome. This research clearly presented the capability of the AHP approach integrates with IWRM principle for water resource planning. The AHP approach can analyze the community representative’s relevant data before decision making, by applying pairwise comparison of the AHP technique, can reduce bias during decision making. More importantly, the government should support collaboration with local officers and the community in the decision making policy on water resource planning.