Positive and negative

reasoning. It also can promote an individual's ability for gathering innovative ideas and make the individual to look at the different aspects of a problem to come to a proper solution (Hutton & Sundar, 2010). A positive mood is effective in nurturing creative thinking. A positive mood adds motivation through the alternation of mental aspects; as a result, it releases the mind and thinking from problems and deficits, and leads to novel and original thinking as well as finding new solutions (Newton & Donkin, 2011). The results show that negative mood does not have a significant effect on creativity components. Although it improves performance, this improvement is not significant.

In recent years there has been renewed interest in the use of air ionisers to control the spread of airborne infection. In particular, results from a clinical trial in an intensive care unit suggest that negative air ions may have the potential to control some hospital acquired infections (HAIs) [1]. One characteristic of 'air' ions which has been widely reported is their apparent biocidal action. Over many years, various researchers have reported that 'air' ions inhibit the growth of Penicillium notatum [2,3], Neu- rospora crassa [3], Serratia marcescens [4], "Staphylococcus albus" [5], Candida albicans [6], Escherichia coli [7], Pseu- domonas veronii [8], Aspergillus versicolor [9], Enterococcus malodoratus [9], Staphylococcus chromogenes [9] and Sarcina flava [9]. However, while this body of work collectively suggests a biocidal effect in the presence of ions, in both air [2-7,9] and nitrogen [7,8], the physical and biological mechanisms involved remain unclear. In particular, it is not clear which of several possible mechanisms of electri- cal origin (i.e. the action of the ions, the production of ozone, or the action of the electric field) are responsible for cell death. A study was therefore undertaken to clarify this issue and to determine the physical mechanisms asso- ciated with microbial cell death. In this study seven bacte- rial species were exposed to both positive and negative ions in the presence of air for various durations and the bactericidal effects recorded.

Negative campaigning dominates US general elections. What has received less attention is that primary campaigns are more positive in nature. Our dynamic theory of campaigning rec- onciles these conflicting observations. If it is easier to damage an opponent’s reputation than to build one’s own (Baumeister et al. (2001), Soroka and McAdams (2015)), then general elec- tion campaigns are more negative than positive because candidates only care about winning. The composition of primary campaigns reflects that primary winners only gain in the general election from positive primary campaigning; and primary losers harm a rival’s general election chances with negative campaigns. We show that if the effects of political campaigns persist, then similarly-qualified challengers campaign more positively than negatively in primaries.

6 appraisal’: it can be difficult to categorise particular phenomena (e.g., emotions) as positive or negative, as such appraisals are fundamentally contextually-dependent (McNulty & Fincham, 2011). To illustrate this point, the first five sections below focus on five key dichotomies: optimism vs. pessimism, self-esteem vs. humility, freedom vs. restriction, forgiveness vs. anger, and happiness vs. sadness. For each of these dichotomies, the paper seeks to problematize the very notions of positive and negative by suggesting that ‘positive can be negative’ (phenomena commonly regarded as positive, such as optimism, may be detrimental to wellbeing under certain circumstances), and ‘negative can be positive’ (there can be value in qualities and states frequently conceptualised as negative, such as pessimism). Second, there is what we might call the ‘principle of co-valence’: not only is it difficult to characterise particular phenomena as either positive or negative, many emotional states are ‘co-valenced,’ inherently involving complex, intertwined shades of light and dark (Lazarus, 2003). For example, hope constitutes a fragile mix of yearning for a desired outcome, a degree of confidence that this has some chance of occurring, and an anxiety that it will not. This issue will be addressed in the final two sections, which look at two complex processes which can be regarded as co-valenced: posttraumatic growth and love. Third, and most fundamentally, there is what we could call the ‘principle of complementarity’: wellbeing itself can be seen as involving an ‘inevitable dialectics between positive and negative aspects of living’ (Ryff & Singer, 2003, p.272). This insight builds upon recent theorising by Keyes (2007), whose dual-continua model proposes that wellbeing and ill- being are not two poles of a continuum, but are two separate dimensions of functioning. This model has been corroborated by work which has shown that wellbeing is not simply an absence of ill-being, and distress is not necessarily incompatible with subjective wellbeing (Fianco et al., 2015). However, the principle of complementarity goes further in suggesting that not only can distress and wellbeing be co-present, but they are to an extent co-dependent. Indeed, Delle Fave et al.’s (2011) Eudaimonic and Hedonic Happiness Investigation project has found that the most important self-rated psychological component of happiness is ‘harmony,’ which can mean ‘balancing opposite elements into a whole’ (p.199). Thus, the principle of complementarity – which this paper as a whole seeks to elucidate – holds that wellbeing fundamentally involves a ‘dynamic harmonization’ of dichotomous states.

Changing the future of youth sports for the better needs a collaborative effort between parents, coaches, teachers, health professionals, community leaders, and politicians. As a soci- ety, we need to change the philosophy of youth sport from a negative environment to a positive one in which most children can thrive, benefit from, and sustain their participation in sport. Organized sports participation needs to be available to all youth, regardless of gender, neighborhood, or socio- economic status. Youth sports should emphasize fun, and maximize physical, psychological, and social development for its participants. Policies and guidelines which establish Table 3 impact of youth sports

Weighted averages of sensitivity, speci fi city, positive and negative predictive values were calculated using the DerSimonian-Laird random effects model. 6 Forest plots of estimates with 95% con fi dence intervals (CI) were generated. Publication bias was assessed through visual inspection of funnel plots and the Begg-Mazumdar rank correlation test for asymmetry. 7,8 Heterogeneity was tested with visual forest plot inspection, Cochrane Q, I 2 and Tau 2 statistics. 9 Estimates with signi fi cant heterogeneity (I 2 >90%) were examined manually and formally for mod- erating effects including country, publication year and reference standard, none of which were signi fi cant. The leave-one-out method was used to determine if the results were sensitive to the inclusion of extreme values from speci fi c studies. 10

brain, whereby this technique is both mature and relatively cost effective. The obtained EEG signals are required to undergo several processes such as artefact removal, bandpass filter and feature extraction to obtain useful signals from brainwaves. To evoke emotion, stimuli are required either in the form of images, soundtracks or videos. Several studies have previously been conducted to recognize human emotions such as happy vs. sad (Li and Lu, 2009; Luangrat et al., 2012), positive, negative vs. neutral (Brown et al., 2011), sad vs. disgust (Singh et al., 2012), and sad, joy, relaxedvs. Fear(Wang et al., 2011). Several studies have shown that the frontal lobe is believed to process emotion (Li and Lu, 2009; Luangrat et al., 2012; Brown et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2010). In this study, the stimuli used are selected to form pleasant and unpleasant datasets respectively. Users are allowed to rate the images individually based on their own feelings. A medical grade wireless EEG device, the B-alert X10, with 9 channels is used to obtain and capture the users’ brainwaves. Then, time frequency analysis is used to extract features from the acquired brain signals. The features of interestare alpha, beta, gamma, theta and delta rhythms. We focus on using different combinations of channels and rhythms. Machine learning algorithms in the form of support vector machines (SVM) and K-nearest neighbor classifiers (KNN) are used to classify and Article History:

In order to examine the positive and negative effects of the abuse of dominance we select three of the most representative cases in the field: United Brands, Microsoft and CFR Marfa. These cases were selected because are known by most of the people, their frequencies of apparition in mass- media are high, the impact of the dominance was higher compared with other cases and also affects both, the consumers and the competitors. Besides, each case has features that make it unique. United Brands is the first major case of abuse of dominant position, following its settlement have made important progress in defining the concept of abuse of position. Microsoft is distinguished by the fact that it is the case of abuse of a dominant position being sanctioned with the highest penalty ever received (497.196 million euros) and CFR Marfa is the most significant event in terms of abuse of aggressiveness in Romania.

After recognizing Ags, some B cells initiate three steps, namely, proliferation, class switch recombination, and PC differentiation. These processes are required for Ab production. At the same time, a large portion of infiltrating B cells are resting, IgM-expressing, or not terminally differentiated into PCs. Abs offer great benefits to anti-tumor immunity when interacting with Ags. For example, the Abs secreted by B cells may bind to tumor Ags and amplify the adaptive immune response in triple- negative breast cancer [8]. Carmi et al. [9] demonstrated that allogeneic IgG combined with dendritic cell (DC) stimuli induces the anti-tumor response of T cells, which implies a new area of B-cell functions as inhibition of tumor development. Both administrations of DCs loaded with allogeneic-IgG-coated tumor cells and intratumoral injection of allogeneic IgG in combination with DC stimuli can result in tumor eradication in several murine cancer models. Similar benefits are also found in lung cancer patients, thus indicating the positive clinical relevance with B-cell combination treatment.

The aim of the current study was to investigate emotional responses of Chinese-English bilinguals to emotional words presented in their first and second language. This was achieved by asking participants to rate the valence and arousal of positive, negative, and neutral words shown in Chinese (L1) and English (L2). The majority of past findings show a processing advantage in L1 whereby emotional words in L1 are processed automatically at both a semantic and emotional level whilst emotional words in L2 are processed for meaning before emotionality [25][26]. It was predicted that words shown in Chinese would elicit higher emotionality than words shown in English, however most work in this area compares bilingual processing across similar languages such as English and French and very little work has been conducted using Chinese. Given that [42] have argued that the characteristics of a language may affect emotionality the current study had the potential to show whether this may be a factor in emotional processing.

In recent years there has been renewed interest in the use of air ionisers to control the spread of airborne infection. In particular, results from a clinical trial in an intensive care unit suggest that negative air ions may have the potential to control some hospital acquired infections (HAIs) [1]. One characteristic of 'air' ions which has been widely reported is their apparent biocidal action. Over many years, various researchers have reported that 'air' ions inhibit the growth of Penicillium notatum [2,3], Neu- rospora crassa [3], Serratia marcescens [4], "Staphylococcus albus" [5], Candida albicans [6], Escherichia coli [7], Pseu- domonas veronii [8], Aspergillus versicolor [9], Enterococcus malodoratus [9], Staphylococcus chromogenes [9] and Sarcina flava [9]. However, while this body of work collectively suggests a biocidal effect in the presence of ions, in both air [2-7,9] and nitrogen [7,8], the physical and biological mechanisms involved remain unclear. In particular, it is not clear which of several possible mechanisms of electri- cal origin (i.e. the action of the ions, the production of ozone, or the action of the electric field) are responsible for cell death. A study was therefore undertaken to clarify this issue and to determine the physical mechanisms asso- ciated with microbial cell death. In this study seven bacte- rial species were exposed to both positive and negative ions in the presence of air for various durations and the bactericidal effects recorded.

ATQ-R, Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Revised; BACS, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; CDSS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; DAS, Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale; DIEPSS, Drug-induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale; DPB, defeatist perfor- mance belief; DPS, Defeatist Performance Belief Scale; FDR, false discovery rate; GLM, generalized linear model; JART, Japanese Adult Reading Test; ME, Motivation and Energy; SS, Symptoms and Side effect; NAT, negative automatic thought; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PAT, positive automatic thought; PS, Psychosocial; QLS, Quality of Life Scale; QOL, quality of life; SQLS, Schizo- phrenia Quality of Life Scale; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III.

Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) of Watson, Clark &Tellegen was designed in 1988. This test is used to assess the mental state of the participants in a given time, and is composed of twenty words. Each word describes different affects and feelings. Participants score each word in a five-item Likert scale from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were 84% to 97%.Validity of positive affect and negative affect respectively were77% and 83% (24).

Social media shows impacts on adolescence life both positive and negative to its user. Social Media impacts upon young people where they become socialize and shares. Media is not about broadcast content from the TV; it is about using social networking sites. Now days people can search any information about people through various social networking sites like facebook, twitter, hike, what’s app, etc. Social media is the prominent part of their life. Social media keeps them better connected and informed. There are many positive aspects, but there are equally as many dangers of using social networking sites. The addiction with these social networking sites makes people or youth unsocial and behavior changes may occur. Unfortunately youths are over dependent on the Internet in their regular activities and the overuse of the Internet causes damage and trouble in their daily life. This addition of using social media may cause severe damage to the health. To use social media through phone, during sleeping time with many youth keep their mobile phone under their pillow, radiations emit from cellular phone is the major cause of brain damage, headache, sleeplessness, and brain tumor too. The present study is based on the survey based study, where positive and negative impacts of social media and youth were discussed.

There are approx. 140 nations where GST has just been actualized. A portion of the mainstream nations being Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, and Pakistan, to give some examples. Usage of GST impacts a country both ways, decidedly and adversely. Overlooking negative angles, positive viewpoints can be mulled over, with a specific end goal to enhance the economy of the nation. Keeping in mind the end goal to quantify the Impact the GST we have to sit tight for the time and the Government needs to convey increasingly about the frameworks. It could be a decent approach to lessen the dark cash and great exertion by the Government of India after the Demonetization of the cash in 2016.

each new mutation occurs in a monomorphic site (infinite- make this distinction and so an excess of rare (low and site model), free recombination (independence between all high) compared to common single nucleotide polymor- sites), and that each SNP is deleterious and reduces an individ- phisms (SNPs) cannot be attributed to just positive or ual’s fitness by s in the homozygous state and hs in the heterozy- gous state, where s and h are the selection and dominance negative selection. To estimate the fraction of DNA vari-

Abstract:- In the experiment we tested antibacterial activity of citrus juices and apple cider vinegar on Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 1249, clinical strain Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2523. Antibacterial activity was tested using agar well diffusion method. Results were obtained by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition around the wells. The highest zone of inhibition (18.5 mm) was observed around 100% concentration of apple cider vinegar on E. faecalis. Lemon juice of 100% concentration also had an impact on E. faecalis where the zone of 14 mm appeared. Zones of 15.5 mm and 13.5 mm were obtained for 100% and 75% of lemon on S. aureus ATCC 2523 respectively. S. aureus NCTC 1249 showed to be resistant to all concentration of all juices except for 100% concentration of apple cider vinegar where we got reduced growth. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was resistant to all concentrations of apple cider vinegar and zones of 15 mm and 14 mm were present around 100% and 75% lemon juice respectively. E. coli showed to be resistant to all concentration of citrus juices. Apple cider vinegar concentrations of 100% and 75% slightly reduced the growth of E. coli. Results obtained in this experiment suggest that different concentrations of citrus juices and apple cider vinegar have a prominent antibacterial effect on gram positive bacteria and less prominent effect on gram negative bacteria as in this case E. coli.

Selenium nanoparticles were synthesized and coated on the surface of paper towels through a simple precipitation process which happened within 1 minute. Impressively, compared with the paper towels without selenium coatings, the selenium coated paper towels significantly inhibited the growth of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli after 24, 48, or 72 hours. There was significant and continuous bacteria inhibition with about a 90% reduction from 24 to 72 hours in the growth of gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus and S. epidermidis. The selenium coated paper towels showed a relatively lower effectiveness at inhibiting gram-negative bacteria like P. aeruginosa and E. coli with about a 57% and 84% reduction, respectively, after 72 hours of treatment. In addition, there were larger amounts of proteins adsorbed on the surface of selenium coated paper towels compared with uncoated paper towels, which might be an important reason why selenium nano- particle coatings can inhibit diverse bacterial growth on the surface of paper towels. Therefore, this study suggested that coating paper products with selenium nanoparticles may be an effective way to decrease various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria growth on paper products, which might be used for potentially important applications for antimicrobial purposes in the food packaging industry and in clinical environments.

Presently assume, if out of this even 4-5 need © Associated Asia Research Foundation AARF A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International e-Journal - Included in [r]

Chapter 1: The link between shame and eating disorders: A review Abstract Literature search strategies Definitions of shame Shame and guilt as distinct emotions Measures of shame and rel[r]