5 Understanding the context of retrofit
Objective 4: Identify enablers, barriers and motivations for householders when making home improvements
5.6 Data collection design
5.6.1 Householder interviews: Visit one
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second visit provided information that could be used to inform the requirements gathering study reported in Chapter 6. Both closed and open questions were utilised in these interviews. Open questions were used in order to engage the user in conversation and conduct exploration of their own behaviour and decisions.
Closed questions were used to obtain particular household information such as
‘Does your house have a loft? Does it have a cellar?’ Whilst open questions provided no restrictions on the content or manner of the reply other than on the subject area (e.g. ‘How do you feel about the outside of your home?’) and hoped to uncover some unexpected information (Robson, 2011, p.283).
The interviews were carried out in the participants’ home. Although it would have been possible to conduct interviews over the phone, it was deemed important that the interview was undertaken in the environment being discussed as suggested by Kujala (2003). This meant that there would be visual cues that would prompt both the participants recall and the researcher’s questions. It would also ensure that researchers could note visual cues and indications of opinions in participants’
responses which may be lost during a telephone conversation (Robson, 2011, p.280‐
281).
5.6.1 Householder interviews: Visit one
The aim of visit one was to find out about the past home improvement practices and to explore the barriers and motivations behind them. In order to do this, it was necessary to firstly build a relationship with the householders and enable them to develop trust in the researchers. The different activities conducted in the interview are described below and interview questions can be found in Appendix C.
Timeline
The first section of the interview was a timeline exercise that was designed to uncover the different home improvements that have been carried out in the house.
The equipment used to carry out the timeline is shown below in Figure 24.
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Figure 24: Timeline pack
Householders were asked to give the rationale for purchasing their property and to discuss the changes and home improvements that had been carried out from the point of purchase onwards. As conversation progressed, the home improvements were marked on the timeline, with the use of a bespoke set of magnets, designed particularly for this study. The magnets were divided into 4 categories:
1. Home Improvements (e.g. new kitchen, extension etc.)
2. Family or life events (e.g. birth or death of a family member, windfall etc.) 3. Cost (three different magnets indicating the size of financial cost associated
with the improvement)
4. Date (to indicate the approximate year on the timeline) Some examples of the magnets are shown below in Figure 25.
Figure 25: Examples of bespoke magnets used in visit 1 (home improvements & events)
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The conversation was initiated with a small number of closed questions such as
‘When did you buy the house?’ The participants were then encouraged to talk about their homes and were prompted when necessary with comments such as ‘What did you do next?’ They were also asked to give an indication of the level of disruption that each home improvement caused and who had performed the improvement, whether it had been completed as a ‘Do It Yourself’ task, or whether professionals had been used. This information was recorded on the timeline whilst discussion continued. The task continued until the participants felt that the timeline had captured all of their home improvements. At this point, the researcher recapped the information recorded on the timeline, giving householders a summary of the order of events whereupon they were able to add any remaining relevant information. This task did not specifically focus on energy efficiency measures, therefore it was hoped that the householder would not withhold information they deemed not to be relevant. Figure 26 depicts the researcher conducting the timeline activity in a relaxed setting in a participant’s home and examples of the timelines produced during the interviews are shown in Appendix E.
Figure 26: Researcher carrying out timeline exercise with householder
Comfort Questions
The second section of the interview concentrated on gathering information about the participants’ opinions and preconceptions of ‘comfort’ and ‘thermal comfort’.
The objective was to identify which features within an individual’s home affected the feeling of being comfortable. This was intended to inform how the home could
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be changed whilst not affecting the thermal comfort and to identify those aspects of the home which would increase or decrease the feeling of comfort in the home if they were altered.
Problems
The third section of the interview investigated any practical problems with the house such as draughts, damp, condensation etc. The main objective of this was to identify and confirm the problems experienced in these particular types of houses, and then to find out how householders try and overcome these problems. The second objective of this section was for the researcher to use the data to identify how these problems could be improved or overcome through the use energy saving technologies. This information could then be fed back to technology developers and included in the design of new energy saving technologies.
Prize Draw
In the fourth section of the interview the participants were presented with a hypothetical situation in which they had entered and won a prize draw and as a result could make five changes to their home. This question was intended to see what home improvements would be prioritised by the participants, whilst attempting to remove the bias of the cost of such changes. Another objective was to see if changes that would improve the energy efficiency of the home would feature on the participants ‘top five changes’, and therefore if they were among prioritised home improvements.
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In the final section of the first interview, participants were asked to provide demographic information about their household (as depicted in Table 9). The information requested included:
Name, age and occupation of all members of the household
Age of house
Approximate household income
Preferred contact details.
This information was gathered to ensure a broad range of participants and households were involved in the study. Because of the sensitive nature of some of the information such as household income, the participants were not asked to provide this until the very end of the interview when a rapport and relationship had been established with the researcher.