Chapter 3 Development of West Java Water
3.3 FINAL FRAMEWORK
3.3.6 In ‐ Depth Interview with Key stakeholders
A limitation of the Delphi technique is its time‐consuming nature, particularly with a large number of rounds (Annells & Australian Institute of Nursing Research, 1997). Some other researchers also found that the accuracy of the Delphi technique diminishes after the completion of a few early rounds (Boje & Murnighan, 1982), as the willingness and motivation of some respondents have declined (Franklin & Hart, 2007).
Therefore, for this study, as consensus has been reached for all components, and most indicators and sub‐indicators after the completion of Delphi Round Two, in‐depth interviews with a few key stakeholders were conducted to finalise the framework. These interviews were meant to increase the effectiveness for reaching consensus (of other remaining indicators and thresholds which have not been agreed in the two rounds of Delphi application), as well as motivate participants.
Criteria for the selection of key stakeholders for in‐depth interviews includes their understanding and advance expertise on water resource issues; their interest and motivation in the study; their influence in the decision‐making process related to water resources in West Java; and recommendations from other respondents. Prior to interview, representations from each respondent group participating in the Delphi application were identified. During the selection process, no one from the Environmental Consultant group was available for the interview. Then, for this study, four key stakeholders were chosen representing three respondent groups: University Lecturer (two stakeholders), Community Group (one stakeholder) and Government Official (one stakeholder).
The two university lecturers were senior lecturers in reputable universities in Bandung, with extensive research on water resources. They have also been involved in policy formulation on water resources in West Java in the last decade. The representative for the Community Group has been actively writing on water resource issues, and these articles published in different newspapers and magazines. The representative for the Government Official is influential in formulating water‐related policies in West Java.
Due to their tight schedules, it was not possible to arrange a specific time and place to meet. Therefore, interviews were conducted separately. In interview, key stakeholders were asked their opinion on the results of the Delphi application, and invited to make further comments to refine the WJWSI framework. The questions focused on components, indicators and thresholds. The questions to guide the interview are provided in Appendix C.
Water Use, and Policy and Governance. With regard to indicators and sub‐indicators, key stakeholders concluded that indicators and sub‐indicators were not important. The main aspect was the inclusion or exclusion of these indicators and sub‐indicators in the framework. This finding was also supported by the results of the Delphi application, which showed no comments given by the Delphi respondents when some indicators in Round One were changed in Round Two.
In‐depth interviews also concluded that Access and Coverage, as well as Population Pressure and Water Availability needed to be combined. Both Access and Coverage concern with the coverage of water supply for the community. The Population Pressure concerns with the growing population which is included in the Water Availability. Therefore, in the final framework of the WJWSI, Access was represented by Coverage and Population Pressure was included in Water Availability. It was decided to remove Finance from the WJWSI framework due to low responses in Round One and Round Two of the Delphi application (56% and 64% respectively).
The key stakeholders also expressed their concerns on the thresholds of the three indicators: Information Disclosure, Governance Structure and Law Enforcement. They believed these indicators have unique characteristics, in terms of data availability. The key stakeholders suggested further literature reviews on similar cases of previous indices, such as WPI, CWSI and WSI.
In relation to thresholds of other indicators that have not been agreed during the Delphi application (i.e. Information Disclosure, Governance Structure and Law Enforcement), key stakeholders highlighted the importance of carefully identifying these thresholds. They considered that, at this stage, most of these values are not available at relevant water‐ resource institutions. Relevant agencies and institutions responsible for water resources have not recognised the importance of these indicators, let alone their respective thresholds. Table 3.7 illustrates the final framework of the WJWSI based on in‐depth interviews. The thresholds, neither finalised nor available, are shown in the shaded areas. It is to be noted that the threshold values for WJWSI (finalized as well as not finalized ones after the in‐depth interviews) may have to be updated in the future, as and when new data or information is available.
Table 3.7 Final framework of WJWSI after the in‐depth interview
Component Indicator Sub‐
indicator
Thresholds
Unit Max Min
Conservation Water Availability m3/cap/yr 1700 a 500 b
Land Use Changes ‐ 1 b 0a
Water Quality ‐ 0 a ‐31b
Water Use Water Demand % 40 b 10a
Water Service Provision Coverage % 80 a 0b
Water Loss % 15 b 0 a
Policy and Governance
Information Disclosure Not yet identified Governance Structure Not yet identified Public Participation Education % 100 a 0 b
Poverty % 20 b 0a Health Impact (cases/1000 people) 100 b 0a Sanitation % 100 a 0b
Law Enforcement Not yet identified
a: preferable; b: not preferable
3.4 WEIGHTING
One of the aims for developing the WJWSI is to analyse the performance of different catchments by comparing their aggregated index values. To aggregate the indicators and sub‐ indicators of WJWSI, index developers (or users) have the option to assign equal or different weights. During the Delphi application and interview, water‐related stakeholders in West Java considered some WJWSI indicators and sub‐indicators to be more important than others. Therefore, for this study, both equal and non‐equal weighting schemes were considered.
During the Delphi application and interview (as discussed in Section 3.3), water‐related stakeholders in West Java considered the position of indicators and sub‐indicators in the WJWSI framework unimportant. Therefore, during the weighting and aggregation, the indicators and sub‐indicators of WJWSI are treated the same.