READING, PAGE 509

1. Factual Information Question Answer choice B is correct because the passage states that The majority of painters of this period had to concentrate on a certain branch of painting, constituting the bulk of their artistic output. Answer choice A is incorrect because the passage says that the Netherlands was leading the continent in commerce [and] scientific advancements. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage states that there was a proliferation of distinct branches of painting but does not state that these branches of panting were traditional. Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage states that most of the inhabitants of the rich

merchant towns adhered to the tradition of good craftsmanship, so it can be inferred that most artists were aware of the tradition.

2. Vocabulary Question Answer choice A is correct because “prosperous” and

“affluent” refer to wealth. Answer choice B is incorrect because “populous” refers to having a large population. Answer choice C is incorrect because “sophisticated”

means complex. Answer choice D is incorrect because “prestigious” refers to having a reputation based on high quality.

3. Vocabulary Question Answer choice C is correct because “proliferation” means

“increase.” Answer choice A is incorrect because “standardization” refers to having a system in which things are produced to be identical. Answer choice B is incorrect because “alteration” means change. Answer choice D is incorrect because

“improvement” is related to quality not number.

4. Negative Fact Question Answer choice C is correct because the passage does not refer to portraits being given as gifts. Answer choice A is incorrect because the passage states that many local committees or governing boards followed the tradition of having group portraits adorning the meeting rooms of their companies.

Answer choice B is incorrect because the passage states that many merchants wanted to pass on portraits of themselves to their descendants. Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage states that elected officials commissioned portraits to indicate the importance of their office.

5. Factual Information Question Answer choice D is correct because the passage states that once [an artist’s] style ceased to be fashionable…, [they] could

experience severe financial hardship, and later the passage provides an example of Rembrandt’s financial difficulties. Answer choice A is incorrect because there is no discussion of restrictions of the number of patrons an artist could have. Answer choice B is incorrect because there is no discussion of artists serving on local committees or governing boards. Answer choice C is incorrect because there is no mention of prestigious collections in the passage.

6. Vocabulary Question Answer choice B is correct because “inclination” refers to having a tendency or “preference” to do something. Answer choice A is incorrect because “incentive” means motivation. Answer choice C is incorrect because

“example” would suggest that the artist was copying from an example of another painting. Answer choice D is incorrect because “experience” suggests that the artist had previously painted portraits.

7. Inference Question Answer choice A is correct because the passage states that Unlike portrait painters, the genre painters had to paint their pictures first, and then try to find prospective buyers for their works, so the opposite can be inferred, that portrait painters first found a buyer, thus securing their payment, and then started a painting. Answer choice B is incorrect because the passage does not discuss portrait painters painting in other genres. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage does not discuss that portrait painters were worried about satisfying their patrons. Answer choice D is incorrect because the answer choice refers to what is

stated in the passage about what other kinds painters had to do, not portrait painters.

8. Sentence Insertion Question Answer choice A is correct because the sentence preceding the first box refers to less esteemed genres which is further discussed in the boldface sentence as less prestigious branches of painting. Additionally the boldface sentence makes reference to commissions, which are contrasted in the following sentence. Answer choice B is incorrect because the passage at this point is discussing potential buyers not genres or branches of painting. Answer choice C is incorrect because the following sentence discusses the relationship between artists and patrons. Answer choice D is incorrect because the following sentence discusses that artists had to sell their paintings.

9. Paraphrasing Question Answer choice C is correct because it represents a correct paraphrase of the main idea that artists had two ways that they could sell their paintings. Answer choice A is incorrect because the highlighted sentence does not mention that customers tried to avoid the markups. Answer choice B is incorrect because the highlighted sentence does not mention that customers depended or relied on middlemen. Answer choice D is incorrect because the highlighted sentence does not mention that artists were influenced to sell directly to individual customers because of the markups.

10. Factual Information Question Answer choice B is correct because it is stated in the passage that artists ensured their income by specializing in one particular genre.

Answer choice A is incorrect because the passage states that these painters produced essentially the same painting repeatedly. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage talks about the exception of the most fashionable painters of the period could earn a lot of money, but the passage does not say that painters started to produce more fashionable paintings. Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage states that the price of paintings was relatively low.

11. Factual Information Question Answer choice B is correct because the passage states these earlier landscapes lacked a sense of realism. Answer choice A is incorrect because the passage states that a semi-aerial viewpoint, rather than a frontal viewpoint was used in the earlier landscape paintings. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage states that the landscapes of this period lacked realism and were created in the artist’s studio, not out in nature. Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage states that a semi-aerial viewpoint was used in order to add more detail to a painting.

12. Rhetorical Purpose Question Answer choice C is correct because the passage states that by using a ground-level viewpoint, artists could have lower horizons in the compositions which allowed space to paint impressive cloud formations. Answer choice A is incorrect because the passage states that cloud formations were a hallmark of Dutch landscape paintings, not the most favorite subject. Answer choice B is incorrect because the passage does not state that the cloud formations were common. Answer choice D is incorrect because although the passage does refer to a style based on drawings made outdoors, the author does not connect this idea with cloud formations.

13. Summary Question Answer choices 1, 4, and 6 are correct. Answer choice 1 is correct because this answer choice summarizes the issues of direct marketing of paintings was discussed in paragraph 3 and the issue of overproduction of paintings was discussed in paragraph 4. Answer choice 4 is correct because it summarizes the issues of financial difficulties discussed and the dominance of portrait painting in paragraph 2. Answer choice 6 is correct because it summarizes paragraph 5, which focuses on landscape painting. Answer choice 2 is incorrect because paragraph 5

never stated that this was the most popular subgenre. Answer choice 3 is incorrect because the passage never discussed Dutch military history. Answer choice 5 is incorrect because it is a supporting point of answer choice 4.

14. Factual Information Question Answer choice B is correct because the passage states that there has been a change in the perception of Neanderthals from being characterized more as primitive beasts than as intelligent and compassionate human ancestors, suggesting a higher level of social complexity among Neanderthals.

Answer choice A is incorrect because the passage does not discuss other possible human ancestors. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage never

discusses the hunting skill of the Neanderthals. Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage states that Neanderthals were more compassionate than previously thought, not lacking compassion.

15. Vocabulary Question Answer choice B is correct because “distinct” and “separate”

mean different. Answer choice A is incorrect because “isolated” means remote or far away. Answer choice C is incorrect because “successful” refers to being effective at reaching goals. Answer choice D is incorrect because “extinct” refers to a species being wiped out and this is not the focus of the sentence.

16. Inference Question Answer choice A is correct because the passage states that The workers thought that these remains were of a bear and turned them over to a local, amateur naturalist, so it can be inferred that Neanderthals were not identified as being a distinct species until 1856 because the remains initially found in Enis were thought to have come from a bear and not a hominid. Answer choice B is incorrect because, while the passage does state that the skeleton was incomplete, it does not infer that any of the missing bones were important. Answer choice C is incorrect because, although the passage does mention the debate about exactly when the Neanderthals went extinct, it does not connect this to the issue of

Neanderthals not being identified as a distinct species sooner. Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage does not discuss technology used for dating remains.

17. Negative Fact Question Answer choice B is correct because the passage does not say that Neanderthals had smaller brains, but says that Neanderthals had pretty much the same sized brains as modern humans: Neanderthal cranial capacity was as large as modern humans, suggesting little difference in brain size. Answer choice A is incorrect because the passage states that Neanderthals had a more protruding brow. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage states that Neanderthals had broader noses. Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage states that Neanderthals had more robust skeletons.

18. Sentence Insertion Question Answer choice B is correct because the sentence preceding the second box refers to relatively warm and arid to extremely frigid areas which are discussed further in the boldface sentence as desert-like regions of the Middle East and glacial areas of northern Europe. Answer choice A is incorrect because the sentence preceding the first box discusses Neanderthals being

identified as a distinct species, not the regions that they inhabited. Answer choice C is incorrect because the preceding sentence discusses the extinction of

Neanderthals and the following sentence discusses the physical difference between modern humans and Neanderthals. Answer choice D is incorrect because the following sentence discusses the similarities of the cranial capacity of Neanderthals and modern humans.

19. Negative Fact Question Answer choice B is correct because the passage does not refer to harvesting vegetables, only cooking vegetables. Answer choice A is

incorrect because the passage states that tools were used to hack at large

branches. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage states that tools were

clearly for food preparation. Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage states that tools were used to work with animal hides.

20. Vocabulary Question Answer choice A is correct because “employed” and “utilized”

mean used. Answer choice B is incorrect because “enhanced” means improved.

Answer choice C is incorrect because “refined” means improved. Answer choice D is incorrect because “recycled” means reused.

21. Rhetorical Purpose Question Answer choice D is correct because the passage states that Neanderthal cemeteries have provided proof of… ritual among the Neanderthals and later goes on to provide the example of the intentionally arranged pollen as a ritual. Answer choice A is incorrect because the passage does not discuss any predecessors of the Neanderthals. Answer choice B is incorrect because the passage does not discuss any changes in the ways Neanderthals thought. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage does not discuss any predecessors of the Neanderthals.

22. Factual Information Question Answer choice C is correct because the passage states that others had been helping to care for him and to provide him with food rather than allowing him to die because he was no longer physically fit. Answer choice A is incorrect because the passage states that he had limited mobility in the fact that he had limited use of the upper right side of his body. Answer choice B is incorrect because the passage states that others had been… providing him food.

Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage states that a falling boulder had obviously been the cause of his death.

23. Paraphrasing Question Answer choice C is correct because it represents a correct paraphrase of the main idea that the deliberate arrangement of the pollen and the fact that the plants where the pollen came from were not cultivated in the area indicates that it was part of a ceremony. Answer choice A is incorrect because the highlighted sentence does not mention a comparison between wild and

domesticated plants. Answer choice B is incorrect because from the sentence it can be inferred that the burial took place in the cave. Answer choice D is incorrect because the highlighted sentence does not make reference to the gender of the skeleton.

24. Vocabulary Question Answer choice B is correct because “attributed” means

“credited” as in being responsible for the creation of something. Answer choice A is incorrect because “restricted” means limited. Answer choice C is incorrect because

“adopted” means accepted as a common practice. Answer choice D is incorrect because “rejected” is related to not being accepted.

25. Vocabulary Question Answer choice A is correct because “startling” and

“astonishing” mean amazing. Answer choice B is incorrect because “accurate” refers to being correct or exact. Answer choice C is incorrect because “complex” means sophisticated. Answer choice D is incorrect because “positive” is related to being good or encouraging.

26. Summary Question Answer choices 2, 3, and 6 are correct. Answer choice 2 is correct because this answer choice summarizes the issues of tool use in paragraph 3. Answer choice 3 is correct because it summarizes the issues of extinction in paragraph 2 and cave painting in paragraph 5. Answer choice 6 is correct because it summarizes paragraph 4 which focuses on the compassion and social customs of Neanderthals. Answer choice 1 is incorrect because in paragraph 2 the wide range of regions that Neanderthals inhabited was discussed. Answer choice 4 is incorrect because it is a minor detail. Answer choice 5 is incorrect because the passage never discusses the linguistic abilities of the Neanderthals.

27. Factual Information Question Answer choice B is correct because the passage explains that silent films were accompanied by music or live narration that were not mechanically produced. Answer choice A is incorrect because the passage says that silent movies progressed or became more complex despite the fact that there was no technology to record and play back recorded dialogue or music. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage does not state that narratives were considered more import than music. Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage does not discuss any development or improvement in the quality of musical compositions.

28. Vocabulary Question Answer choice D is correct because “rudimentary” and

“primitive” refer to being at a very basic or undeveloped level. Answer choice A is incorrect because the word “professional” refers to having training and a specialized level of skill. Answer choice B is incorrect because “practical” means useful. Answer choice C is incorrect because “difficult” refers to being complex or demanding.

29. Factual Information Question Answer choice C is correct because the passage states that the Cinématographe was most notable for being able to project motion pictures for a large audience. Answer choice A is incorrect because there is no discussion of the weight or portability of the Cinématographe. Answer choice B is incorrect because the passage states that Edison publicly presented the

Kinetoscope in 1894 and the first public screening of a motion picture using the Cinématographe was in 1895. Answer choice D is incorrect because there was no comparison of the public reception of the two devices in the passage.

30. Vocabulary Question Answer choice A is correct because “stationary” and “fixed”

refer to something that is not moving. Answer choice B is incorrect because the word

“varying” means changing. Answer choice C is incorrect because “distant” means far away. Answer choice D is incorrect because “dominant” refers to being the main or central thing.

31. Sentence Insertion Question Answer choice C is correct because the boldfaced sentence provides examples of what was depicted in the primitive documentaries discussed in the sentence preceding the third box. Answer choice A is incorrect because if the boldfaced sentence was inserted on the first box it would separate the ideas of the first public screening preceding the first box, and the idea of their debut following the first box. Inserting the sentence here would interrupt the coherence of the paragraph. Answer choice B is incorrect because the previous sentence does not have a plural noun that the pronoun “they” in the boldfaced sentence could refer to. Answer choice D is incorrect because at this point in the paragraph is discussing the decline in popularity of the Lumières, not the films themselves.

32. Negative Fact Question Answer choice A is correct because the passage does not refer to documentaries about scientific topics. There is only a brief mention about the early development of science-fiction movies. Answer choice B is incorrect because the passage states that Filming techniques were developed, with the introduction of such stylistic devices as alternating closeups and long shots. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage states that Actors developed their ability to convey ideas without words. Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage states that the range of genres expanded considerably.

33. Inference Question Answer choice A is correct because the passage states that France had been the world’s leading exporter of films prior to World War I, so the film industry in the United States could not have been the most internationally

dominant at that time. Answer choice B is incorrect because the passage only states that the French film industry was negatively affected by the war. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage does not make any reference to competition between the French and American film industries. Answer choice D is incorrect because the

passage does not suggest that the American film industry was responsible for the decline of the French film industry.

34. Negative Fact Question Answer choice A is correct because the passage does not state that critics liked or disliked The Birth of a Nation. Answer choice B is incorrect because the passage states that The Birth of a Nation was the first feature-length move (having a running time of over an hour). Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage states that The Birth of a Nation employed technical advancements in cinematography. Answer choice D is incorrect because the passage states that The Birth of a Nation is considered by many… to be the motion picture industry’s first blockbuster, breaking all previous box office records.

35. Factual Information Question Answer choice C is correct because the passage states that the other large studios, believing that talking pictures might be only a flash in the pan, indicating that the they thought that talking pictures would be a short-lived trend. Answer choice A is incorrect because there is no mention of contract in the passage. Answer choice B is incorrect because, although the passage mentions that The Jazz Singer starred popular recording artist Al Jolson, there is no mention of technical difficulty related to a movie starring a popular singer.

35. Factual Information Question Answer choice C is correct because the passage states that the other large studios, believing that talking pictures might be only a flash in the pan, indicating that the they thought that talking pictures would be a short-lived trend. Answer choice A is incorrect because there is no mention of contract in the passage. Answer choice B is incorrect because, although the passage mentions that The Jazz Singer starred popular recording artist Al Jolson, there is no mention of technical difficulty related to a movie starring a popular singer.