READING, PAGE 481

1. Vocabulary Question Answer choice B is correct because both “related to” and

“coordinated with” mean being connected in some way. Answer choices A and C are incorrect because the sentence is not specifically about a causal relationship.

Answer choice D is incorrect because it means to give an account of something.

2. Negative Fact Question Answer choice D is correct because the passage does not discuss religion or mythology. Answer choice A is incorrect because the passage mentions the movements of celestial bodies. Answer choice B is incorrect because the passage mentions seasonal fluctuations in weather. Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage discusses the necessity for prehistoric people to know when game herds would be migrating.

3. Vocabulary Question Answer choice C is correct because “fundamental” and

“supreme” both mean something of central importance. Answer choice A is incorrect because “some” does not express the primary importance. Answer choice B is incorrect because “dependable” has a similar sound but different meaning than fundamental. Answer choice D is incorrect because “intrinsic” implies something that is natural.

4. Inference Question Answer choice B is correct because archeoastronomy is the study of how people in the past viewed the celestial features of the sky. Answer choice A is incorrect because an astronaut or aeronautical engineer would study this. Answer choice C is incorrect because an archaeologist would study this.

Answer choice D is incorrect because an astronomer would study this.

5. Vocabulary Question Answer choice B is correct because both “started by” and

“derived from” in this case refer to where something originated from. Answer choice A is incorrect because it means something was “taken from” someplace else.

Answer choices C and D are incorrect because they have different meanings.

6. Rhetorical Purpose Question Answer choice D is correct because an alignment of stones, a circular structure, and specially designed windows are all ways that prehistoric people studied events in the sky. Answer choice A is incorrect because the archeoastronomers were the people who discovered the mentioned methods, not performed them. Answer choice B is incorrect because the items discussed are used as instruments. Answer choice C is incorrect because it is discussing

astronomical events, and not the tools utilized in their study.

7. Sentence Insertion Question Answer choice B is correct because This apparent understanding refers to information in the previous sentences, and introduces the interest of the archeoastronomers immediately before the sentence that discusses what they discovered. Answer choices A, C, and D are incorrect because insertion at these points would break up the coherence and sequence of facts.

8. Factual Information Question Answer choice C is correct because it is stated that the Chaco Canyon structure is more than 700 years old, which means it was built before 1300. Answer choice A is incorrect because the plural “slabs” and “they” are used in the description of the stones. Answer choice B is incorrect because the

structure allows rays of sunlight to fall between different slabs of rock. Answer choice D is incorrect because it is located on the surface of a high butte.

9. Vocabulary Question Answer choice B is correct because “of sorts” is an idiom meaning a lesser example “of some kind” of something. Answer choice A is incorrect because “of opportunity” is a distractor for the similarly sounding “observation.”

Answer choice C is incorrect because “of the past” confuses the description with the age of the structure. Answer choice D is incorrect because “of fate” is a distractor for the similar sounding phrase “a place.”

10. Referent Question Answer choice B is correct because this part of the sentence is describing how the slabs of rock are positioned. Answer choice A is incorrect because if “them” is replaced with “experts” the sentence no longer makes sense.

Answer choice C is incorrect because the shafts fall between the slabs of rock.

Answer choice D is incorrect because spiral markings are mentioned after “them” in the sentence.

11. Paraphrasing Question Answer choice A is correct because it represents a correct paraphrase of the central ideas in the highlighted sentence. Answer choice B is incorrect because there is no information about what the early inhabitants discussed.

Answer choice C is incorrect because there is disagreement between scientists on how the stones reached their current location. Answer choice D is incorrect because there is disagreement on whether the early inhabitants moved them at all.

12. Vocabulary Question Answer choice D is correct because “happenstance” means something that happens by “chance.” Answer choice A is incorrect because

“standing” is a distractor for the similarly sounding ending “stance.” Answer choice B is incorrect because it confuses an “event” with “happen.” Answer choice C is incorrect because it is a distractor related to “arrangement” in the sentence.

13. Summary Question Answer choices 3, 4, and 6 are correct. Answer choice 1 is incorrect because it is the opposite of what is stated about the structure in the passage. Answer choice 2 is incorrect because the passage has no comparison of scientific study between different cultures. Answer choice 5 is incorrect because it is not mentioned in the passage.

14. Vocabulary Question Answer choice D is correct because both “fared well” and

“benefitted” mean to do well or prosper. Answer choice A is incorrect because it refers to the health condition of being well. Answer choice B is incorrect because it is a distractor related to the phrase war years. Answer choice C is incorrect because

“wages” have not yet been discussed in the passage.

15. Factual Information Question Answer choice D is correct because more than 500 strikes were under way… some of them highly critical to the overall U.S. economy.

Answer choice A is incorrect because there were too many workers in the workforce, not the military. Answer choice B is incorrect because it refers to ideas earlier in the paragraph. Answer choice C is incorrect because the strikes were in many

industries, not just railroads.

16. Vocabulary Question Answer choice B is correct because “critical to” and

“important for” both mean crucial. Answer choice A is incorrect because industries such as coal, steel, and oil would not be unwelcomed, meaning received with displeasure. Answer choices C and D are incorrect because these words express emotions that can’t be attributed to the industries.

17. Negative Factual Information Question Answer choice D is correct because the passage states 18 of the 20 unions related to the railroads had arrived at an agreement. Answer choices A, B, and C are all true facts.

18. Rhetorical Purpose Question Answer choice D is correct because the reader might think that only two of the 20 unions did not comprise a lot of members, unless the

number of members in the two groups were specified. Answer choice A is incorrect because 28,000 workers were in favor of the strike, not opposed to it. Answer choice B is incorrect because the railroad was a critical industry. Answer choice C is

incorrect because the number only represents the workers in two of the 20 railroad unions.

19. Vocabulary Question Answer choice B is correct because Truman was losing patience with the workers threatening to strike, which means his patience

“decreased.” Answer choices A and C are incorrect because they both have the opposite meaning of what is stated in the passage. Answer choice D is incorrect because it is a distractor that confuses “thin” with “losing weight.”

20. Factual Information Question Answer choice D is correct because it is stated that the government believed a railroad strike would threaten the economic recovery.

Answer choice A is incorrect because passengers are not mentioned. Answer choice B is incorrect because commercial airlines and national highways were not

discussed in the passage. Answer choice C is incorrect because the unions were not deciding government policy.

21. Sentence Insertion Question Answer choice C is correct because the inserted sentence mentions a more generous offer, which refers to suggested an 18.5-cent per hour pay raise. Answer choices A and B are incorrect because an offer of pay increase has not yet been mentioned in the paragraph. Answer choice D is incorrect because insertion at this point would disrupt sequence of facts.

22. Vocabulary Question Answer choice B is correct because both take “steps” and take “measures” mean to prepare or move towards a goal. Answer choice A is incorrect because “paces” relates to a different meaning of “steps” that indicates walking. Answer choice C is incorrect because it confuses “stairs” with “steps.”

Answer choice D is incorrect because it is stated that Truman urged Congress to take action, which is more than a “suggestion.”

23. Inference Question Answer choice C is correct because it is stated that a resolution was reached as Truman delivered a speech urging the draft for striking workers.

Answer choices A and B are incorrect because these events were proposed but not initiated. Answer choice D is incorrect because it states the opposite of Truman’s views.

24. Paraphrasing Question Answer choice A is correct because it represents a correct paraphrase of the central ideas in the highlighted sentence. Answer choice B is incorrect because the impact on the economy was avoided. Answer choice C is incorrect because the sentence does not mention that changes were made to the constitution. Answer choice D is incorrect because citizens, not management, were concerned about the constitutionality of the proposed (not enacted) draft.

25. Paraphrasing Question Answer choice C is correct because the paragraph states that Not until 1952 did the unions accept the administration’s terms and go back to work. Answer choice A is incorrect because the strike situation included multiple strikes beginning in 1946. Answer choice B is incorrect because although it is a true fact, it is not a paraphrase of the essential information in the sentence. Answer choice D is incorrect because the war is not mentioned in the sentence.

26. Summary Question Answer choices 2, 4, and 6 are correct. Answer choice 1 is incorrect because it is not a true statement. Answer choice 3 is incorrect because although veterans were working in the railroad industry, Truman had not made any harsh steps to accomplish this. Answer choice 5 is incorrect because it is not a true fact.

27. Paraphrasing Question Answer choice D is correct because it represents a correct paraphrase of the central ideas in the highlighted sentence. Answer choice A is

incorrect because it is a distractor that mentions body parts to refer to the ten fingers mentioned, but does not make sense. Answer choice B is incorrect because it does not say that computers cannot count to 10, just that their mathematical base is 2.

Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage mentions “some”

mathematicians, which is less than a universal agreement.

28. Rhetorical Purpose Question Answer choice D is correct because the previous paragraph discusses base-10 as a system based on anatomical parts, and

paragraph 3 discusses other systems based on anatomical parts. Answer choice A is incorrect because a new topic is not being introduced. Answer choice B is incorrect because the paragraph mentions other systems based on anatomy.

Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage states that base-10 systems are almost universal.

29. Vocabulary Question Answer choice A is correct because “traces” and “remnants”

share the meaning of small parts of something left behind when the original item is gone. Answer choice B is incorrect because “tracks” is a distractor for the similarly spelled “traces.” Answer choices C and D are incorrect because although they can be related to mathematics, the words do not share the meaning of “traces.”

30. Vocabulary Question Answer choice C is correct because we learned in paragraph 2 that the 10 fingers on human hands were called “digits.” We can then infer that all the digits in a base-20 system referred to fingers and toes. Answer choice A is incorrect because it confuses “hands” with fingers. Answer choice B is incorrect because “numbers” is another meaning of the word “digits.” Answer choice D is incorrect because it is a distractor with a word related to mathematics, but not to the specific meaning of “digits.”

31. Referent Question Answer choice B is correct because the phrase this

characteristic is a demonstrative pronoun referring to counting is also done by 20s.

Answer choice A is incorrect because it confuses using Celtic words with Celtic languages. Answer choices C and D are incorrect because they refer to information in different sentences.

32. Negative Factual Information Question Answer choice D is correct because the Greek language is not mentioned in relation to a vigesimal system. Answer choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they are all mentioned as having evidence of vigesimal origins.

33. Factual Information Question Answer choice B is correct because one score is the equivalent of twenty. Four score equals eighty. So, four score and seven years are equal to eighty-seven years. Answer choices A, C, and D are all miscalculations.

34. Vocabulary Question Answer choice A is correct because the sentence states that 60 distinct words [were required] for the numbers 1 though 60, which indicated that it is more difficult than systems based on fewer words. Both “drawback” and

“disadvantage” mean something that causes problems. Answer choices B and D are incorrect because they do not make sense in the sentence. Answer choice C is incorrect because it confuses “back” with the related word “reverse.”

35. Sentence Insertion Question Answer choice B is correct because it is preceded by an introduction to a scholarly numerical system and provides additional information to support that sentence. Answer choice A is incorrect because it precedes the introduction of the idea of the scholarly system, which the highlighted sentence describes. Answer choices C and D are incorrect because they refer to theories of the development of the system, not the actual mathematical system.

36. Vocabulary Question Answer choice D is correct because the paragraph explains that the “natural explanation” is related to the number of days in a year and the number of degrees in a circle, which are both “based on the physical world.” Answer

choice A is incorrect because it confuses similarly sounding “expected” and

“explanation.” Answer choices B and C have related meanings but do not fit the meaning of the sentence.

37. Factual Information Question Answer choice C is correct because vigesimal systems are based on 20. Answer choice A is incorrect because a quinary system has distinct units only for numbers 1 through 5. Answer choice B is incorrect because “five fives” would indicate a quinary system. Answer choice D is incorrect because a sexagesimal system would have unique words for all numbers through 60.

38. Schematic Table Question

decimal system: Answer choices 2 and 7 are correct.

vigesimal system: Answer choice 3.

sexagesimal system: Answer choices 4 and 6 are correct.

Answer choice 1 is incorrect because a system based on the fingers of one hand would be a quinary system. Answer choice 5 is incorrect because the paragraph states that some of the Aztec names for numbers were based on the toes of both feet, not the numbering system.