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4/11/40 page 1

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Introduction to TCP/IP

4/11/40 page 2

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

&216</

What is TCP/IP

z

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

z

TCP/IP refers to an entire suite of networking

protocols, developed for use on the Internet

(2)

4/11/40 page 3

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

TCP/IP Characteristics

z

TCP/IP provides the services necessary to

interconnect computers and to interconnect networks,

creating the Internet

z

Independence from underlying network topology,

physical network hardware, and OS

z

Unique IP Address

z

Universal connectivity throughout the network

z

Standardize high-level protocols

4/11/40 page 4

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

&216</

TCP/IP Internetworking

Token

Ring

FDDI

Private Nets

and Internet

Router

(3)

4/11/40 page 5

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

LAN and Devices

LANs are designed to :

z

Operate within a limited geographic area

z

Allow multiaccess to high-bandwidth media

z

Control the network privately under local administration

z

Provide full-time connectivity to local services

z

Connect physically adjacent devices

ATM

Switch

Ethernet

Switch

Bridge

Hub

Router

4/11/40 page 6

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

&216</

Wide-Area Networks and Devices

WANs are designed to :

z

Operate over geography of telecommunications carriers

z

Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds

z

Control the network subject to regulated public services

z

Provide full-time and part-time connectivity

z

Connect devices separated over wide, even global areas

ATM

Switch

Router

Modem

CSU/DSU

TA/NT1

S

X.25 or

Frame Relay

Switch

Comm.

Server

Multiplexor

stat

mux

(4)

4/11/40 page 7

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

TCP/IP Networking Software

z

TCP/IP protocol suites define a set of universal

communication services

z

Services can be implemented in a standardized

manner in the networking software, normally bundled

with OS

TCP/IP

Comm.

Software

Internet

TCP/IP

Comm.

Software

4/11/40 page 8

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

&216</

TCP/IP and Internet

z

1957 USSR sputnik, USA established ARPA

z

1969 ARPA funded ARPANET

z

1971 Network with 15 nodes

z

1974 Cerf/Kahn Protocol

z

1973 Ethernet (Ph.D Disssertation Bob Metcalfe)

z

1982/83 TCP/IP as a core protocol

(5)

4/11/40 page 9

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Internet growth

Year #Hosts

69 4

84 1024

87 28174

90 313000

91 617000

92 1.1M

93 2.0M

94 3.8M

95 6.6M

96 12.8M

1/97 16M

4/11/40 page 10

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

&216</

Internet Technical Bodies

z

ISOC - Internet Society.

Professional society to

promote the use of Internet for research and scholar

communication and collaboration

z

IAB - Internet Archtecture Board.

Technical

oversight and coordination, falls under ISOC

z

IETF - Internet Engineering Task force.

Current

protocols and specifications for standardization.

Meets 3 times a year, organized in working groups

z

IRTF - Internet Research Task force.

Research

oriented for future.

(6)

4/11/40 page 11

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Internet Administrations

z

DDN

-

the USA Defense Data Network is the government

organization that has overall responsibilty for administrating the

Internet

z

DDN NIC (Network Information Center)

„

assigns unigues names and addresses

„

collects and distributes information about TCP/IP protocols

z

IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

„

assigns valur for network parameters, name of services,

identifiers

z

NOC (Network Operations Center)

„

manages communication links

4/11/40 page 12

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

&216</

IAB Standard Tracks

RFC

Internet Draft

Proposed

Standard

Draft Standard

Official Standard

Circulated technical documents call

Request For Comments

Revision RFC

protocol specifications should be stable

technically and should have no bugs or

holes.

at least 2 independence and interoparable

implementation that test all specification

funcions

have had significant field use and clear

communinity interest in production use.

(7)

4/11/40 page 13

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Protocol Status Levels

z

All TCP/IP protocol have one of the following five

status levels

„

Required

„

Recommended

„

Elective

„

Limited use

„

Not recommended

4/11/40 page 14

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

&216</

Internet documents

z

RFC

z

number with RFC XXXX, more than 1700 nows

z

updated RFCs are published with ne RFC numbers

z

not all RFCs describe protocols. not all RFCs are used

z

ftp://ds.internic.net

z

STD (STandDard)

z

official Internet standard

z

FYI (For Your Information)

(8)

4/11/40 page 15

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Sample Documents

z

RFC

z

2030 I D. Mills, "Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)

Version 4 for IPv4, IPv6 and OSI", 10/30/1996. (Pages=18)

(Format=.txt) (Obsoletes RFC1769)

z

1879 I B. Manning, "Class A Subnet Experiment Results and

Recommendations", 01/15/1996. (Pages=6) (Format=.txt)

z

FYI

z

0023 Guide to Network Resource Tool. EARN Staff. March 1994.

(Format:TXT=235112 bytes) (Also RFC1580)

z

0028 Netiquette Guidelines. S. Hambridge. October 1995.

(Format: TXT=46185 bytes) (Also RFC1855)

4/11/40 page 16

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

&216</

TCP/IP Architectural Layers

Application

Transport

Internet

Network

Physical

Network

Applications

End-to-end

Services

Routing

Transmission

Network Interface

(9)

4/11/40 page 17

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Physical

TCP/IP and OSI

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Application

Transport

Internet

Network

TCP/IP

OSI

4/11/40 page 18

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

&216</

TCP/IP majors protocols

Physical

Application

Transport

Internet

Network

FTP TELNET SMTP TFTP NFS NTP SNMP NNTP

DNS BOOTP DHCP HTTP X-windows

TCP UDP

IP

(10)

4/11/40 page 19

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Communications Protocols

z

A Communication protocol that provides a data

transfer service can be either connection-oriented

or connectionless

z

Connection-oriented --A connection is generated

before the data is exchanged (e.g. TCP)

z

Connectionless -- Try its best to delivery data, no

need to establish connection (e.g. UDP)

4/11/40 page 20

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

&216</

FTP

Server

Client-Server Relationships

z

One application component,

called Server, provides a

well-defined services for application

components running, called client

z

Clients make a request for a

services by transmitiing data to

the server.

z

Servers reply by sending data

back to the client

z

How the server knowns type of

services ?

TELNET

Server

TELNET

Client

FTP

Cleint

FTP

Cleint

FTP

Client

TELNET

Server

TELNET

Client

FTP

Server

FTP

Server

)73 3URWRFRO

)73 3URWRFRO

)73 3URWRFRO

7(/1(7 3URWRFRO

7(/1(7 3URWRFRO

(11)

4/11/40 page 21

Department of Computer Engineering, Kasetsart University 204325 Introduction to Computer Communications and Networks

Port Assignments

z

Servers are known by ports number

z

FTP 20, TELNET 23, SMTP 25, HTTP 80

z

Port numbers are generally allocated by

„

0 --not used

„

1-255 --Reserved ports for well-known services

„

256-1023 --Other reserved ports

„

1024

-65535 --user-defined server ports

z

Unix store general used port in /etc/services

Applications

Transport

Network access

1 2 3 4

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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