Performance analysis of smartphone based real-time driver system over IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SMARTPHONE BASED REAL-TIME DRIVER ASSIST SYSTEM OVER IEEE 802.11 WIRELESS NETWORKS

WONG CHEE YIN

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Bachelor Degree of Electronic Engineering (Wireless Communication Electronic)

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering University Technical Malaysia Melaka

Tajuk Projek

Sesi Pengajian

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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SMARTPHONE BASED REAL-TIME DRIVER ASSIST SYSTEM OVER IEEE 802.11 WIRELESS NETWORKS

Saya WO G CHEE YIN mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universi Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.

2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.

3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan la po ran ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara inst usi

pengajian n ggi. 4. Sila tandakan ( 'I ) :

D

D

D

*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepenn gan Malaysia seper yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

**(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

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"I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as cited in the references."

Signature

Author :WONG CHEE YIN

Date :141

"I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality award of Bachelor of Electronic

Engineering (Wireless Communication Engineering) With Honors."

Signature

Author :DR. LIM KIM CHUAN

Date :141

h June 2013

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This project was completed after I have working for it for two semesters. I have learnt and gained a lot of experience and my knowledge was improved within these two semesters.

First of all, I would like to deliver my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Dr.

Lim Kim Chuan. Dr. Lim has taught me from the beginning of my project starts. He guides me back to the correct path whenever I lost. Besides, he teaches me in a manner that easy to understand by giving simple examples. He borrows reference books to me and shares with me some useful links, too. Whenever I confused, Dr. Lim will try to simplify my problem and explained to me patiently. Apart from that, Dr. Lim will let me explore the things myself by giving general guidance. Thus, I can learn to solve the problem myself after trying. Furthermore, I really appreciate Dr. Lim for borrowing me his Smartphone when the Smartphone used previously sent for repair. I feel motivated each time I attend meeting with Dr. Lim. I would like to thank Dr. Lim for giving guidance to improve my presentation skills, too.

I would like to thanks to Wireless Lab assistant for her kindness. She always allows me to use the computer and Wi-Fi. I would like to thanks to my lecturers who concern about the progress of my project and give me permissions to use the computer in lab.

I would like to express my gratitude to my friends who share with me the knowledge in solving computing technical problem. My friends were helped me a lot by sharing the experience, listen to problem I faced and give explanation on the problem I faced.

Furthermore, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my beloved family members who always support me morally. They willing to listen to me and encourage me all the times.

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ABSTRACT

When a car is just behind the truck, car driver's view is blocked by the truck in

front. Since the distance between the truck and car is about a length of a car, only the truck is viewed by car driver, but not the incoming traffic. Car driver cannot determine whether it is a suitable time for safely overtaking. A driver assisting system is proposed

for this scenario.

Two smartphones are needed in the proposed driver assisting system.

Smartphone A is placed in the truck while Smartphone B is placed in the car. Truck

driver's view is captured using Smartphone A and sending out. Smartphone Bis used by car driver to receive view shared by Smartphone A to extend the view. Therefore, car

driver will know the reason causing the slow moving truck in front. Car driver can then

decide and able to make safely overtaking decision. However, this video transmission must be in real-time with over the inherently non real-time wireless communication channel. This means that the Wi-Fi link performance has to be able to determine in real-time by the receiver smartphone, to make sure that data is smoothly transferred with

throughput of l Mbps. No video shall be displayed by the receiver smartphone if the link is not able to stream the video at the required data throughput.

The investigation processes involved firstly determine the expected working

distance for this proposed driver assisting system. Then, the expected throughputs for

both vehicles in static and moving conditions including the Doppler effect are figured

determined. Throughput between smartphones and PC is measured using Iperf. Experiment is carried out to ensure it throughput around 1 Mbps can be obtained in real scenario. The obtained measurement result using the developed application shows the similar measurement as obtained with the Iperf. The actual per\ormance of the Wi-Fi

link in real-time, which is a good indication to alert user with the stability of the

inherently non real-time characteristics of Wi-Fi channel, can then be determined through the develop application with the calculation on packets received and packet lost

at the receiver. The result obtained from the designed and constructed application not only can give measurement as lperf, but also allow custom data (for instance, messages in this case or video image for further development of deiver assisting system) to be

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ABSTRAK

Apabila sebuah kereta berada tepat pada belakang trak, pandangan pamandu kereta dihalang oleh trak depan. Jarak antara kereta dan trak kira-kira panjang sebuah kereta, oleh itu, hanya trak dilihat oleh pemandu kereta, bukan trafik yang dating. Pemandu kereta tidak dapat mengambil keputusan memotong trak depan dengan selamat. Satu system memandu pemandu dicadangkan.

Dua telefon pintar diperlukan dalam cadangan projeck ini. Telefon pintar A diletakkan dalam trak, Samrtphone B diletakkan dalam kereta. Pandangan pemandu trak ditangkap menggunakan Sarnrtphone A dan dihantarkan. Sarnrtphone B digunakan oleh pemandu kereta untuk menerima pandangan yang dikongsi oleh Smartphone A untuk meluaskan pandangan. Dengan itu, pemandu kereta akan tahu sebab trak yang lambat bergerak. Pemandu kereta boleh mengambil keputusan memotong trak depan dengan selamat. Akan tetapi, video yang dikongsi mesti diterima pada masa yang sama dengan masa menghantar. Dengan itu, pemandu boleh mengharapkan system ini dalarn mengambil keputusan memotong jalan. Ini bermaksud analisis pautan prestasi Wi-Fi diperlukan untuk memastikan pemprosesan penghantaran data kira-kira lMbps. Tiada video dikongsi apabila pemprosesan penghantaran data tidak memadai.

CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGES

PROJECT TITLE

STATUS REPORT FORM STUDENT DECLARATION SUPERVISOR DECLARATION DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

ABSTRACT ABSTRAK CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURE LIST OFT ABLE

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

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2

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview of Project

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Objectives

1.4 Scope of Project

LITERATURE REVIEW 1 1 4 4 5 6

2.1 Introduction of the proposed driver assisting system 6

2.2 Existing Technologies 8

2.2.1 Adaptive Cruise Control 9

2.2.2 Lane Departure and Lane-Changing systems 10

2.2.3 Driver Vigilance 11

2.2.4 V2X-Based Android 13

2.3 Identified major components and possible issue faced by

the system 15

2.3.1 Transport protocol 15

2.3.2 Multicast 16

2.3.3 Carrying Multicast real-time traffic 16

2.3.4 Bit rate for IEEE 802.11 17

2.3.5 Downlink rate 17

2.3.6 Doppler effect 19

2.3.7 IEEE 802.1 lg Wi-Fi Standard 21

2.3.8 Identify Safe Following Distances 22

2.4 Possible tools used to construct the propose system 23

2.4.1 OpenCV4Android SDK 23

2.4.2 Eclipse 24

2.4.3 Terminal Emulator 25

3 4 2.4.4 Iperf 2.4.5 Wireshark 2.4.6 inSSIDer METHODOLOGY

3.1 Determine working distance

3.2 Measure throughput when both vehicles are static

3.3 Measure throughput when both vehicles are moving

3.4 Measure Throughput using Iperf

3.5 Experiment

3.6 Designing and Constructing Smartphone Application

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

a. The expected working distance of the proposed

Driver assisting system

4.2 Expected throughput between two smartphones

(When both vehicles are not moving)

4.3 Expected throughput between two smartphones

(When both vehicles are moving)

4.3.1 Doppler Effect

4.4 Performance from Measurement and Application

Construction

4.4.1 Using Iperf to measure UDP throughput, delay

And jitter of unicast and multicast

(Smartphone to Smartphone)

4.4.2 Using Iperf to measure UDP throughput, delay

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And jitter of unicast and multicast

(Smartphone to PC) 51

4.4.3 Using Iperf to measure UDP throughput, delay

And jitter of unicast and multicast

(PC to Smartphone) 55

4.4.4 Experiment fro throughput measurement carried

out by using Iperf 58

4.4.5 Validate the performance of the Constructed

Application with the collected Iperf Results

(throughput only) 64

4.4.6 Ability of Application to send and receive data 64

4.4. 7 Link Performance 67

4.4.8 Implementation of real-time client and server based

Wi-Fi link performance measurement function

in the smartphones 68

4.4 Designation and Construction of

First Working Application 55

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

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LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

l.l(a) Driver's vision when moving behind the truck 3

1.1 (b) Driver's vision \:vhen just behind the truck 4

2.1 Flow chart of proposed driver assisting system 7

2.2(a) Continental 's ACC system 10

2.2(b) Hella's LOWS 11

2.2(c) Hella's Alertness Assistant 13

2.2(d) DriveAssist's main menu 14

2.3 OSI reference model 15

2.4 Expected bit rate at different ranges 17

2.5(a) Outdoor urban scenario 18

2.5(b) Outdoor rural scenario 18

2.6 BER versus Doppler shift graph for QPSK Y2 20

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2.8(a) Throughput measurement from PC to smartphone 26

2.8(b) Throughput measurement from smartphone to PC 26

2.9 Packets captured using Wireshark 27

2.10 Software inSSIDer 28

3. l Flow chart of procedure to analyze link performance 30

3.2 Iperf Android is installed in both smartphone 32

3.3 Flow chart for designation and construction of smartphone

application 34

4. l Scenario for the usage of proposed driver assist system 37

4.2 Graph distance versus speed between two vehicles 39

4.3 Throughput versus Theoretical bit rate 41

4.4(a) Graph expected bit rate for different distances 42

4.4(b) Graph expected throughput for different distances 43

4.5 Doppler shift diagram 45

4.6 BER versus Doppler shift 46

4.7 Flow chart using Iperf between two smartphones 47

4.8(a) Average jitter of unicast measured between two

smartphones when bandwidth is I Mbps 49

4.8(b) Average jitter of unicast measured between two

smartphones when bandwidth is I OMbps 49

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smartphones when bandwidth is I Mbps 50

4.8(d) Average jitter of multicast measured between two

smartphones when bandwidth is I OMbps 50

4.9(a) Average jitter of unicast measured for bandwidth I Mbps

when PC runs as server 52

4.9(b) Average jitter of unicast measured for bandwidth I Mbps

when PC runs as server 53

4.9(c) Average jitter of multicast measured for bandwidth I Mbps

when PC runs as server 54

4.9(d) Average jitter of multicast measured for bandwidth I Mbps

when PC runs as server 54

4. IO(a) Average jitter of unicast measured for bandwidth I Mbps

when smartphone runs as server 56

4. IO(b) Average jitter of unicast measured for bandwidth I Mbps

when smartphone runs as server 56

4. IO(c) Average jitter of multicast measured for bandwidth I Mbps

when smartphone runs as server 57

4. lO(d) Average jitter of multicast measured for bandwidth I Mbps

when smartphone runs as server 58

4.ll(a) Distance between truck and car is small (a car length) 59

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4.ll(c) Car driver's vision is extended by using Smartphone B

to receive view shared by Smartphone A in the truck in front 60

4.l2(a) Average jitter of unicast measured for experiment

when bandwidth I Mbps 61

4.l2(b) Average jitter of unicast measured for experiment

when bandwidth I OMbps 62

4. l2(c) Average jitter of multicast measured for experiment

when bandwidth 1 Mbps 63

4.12(d) Average jitter of multicast measured for experiment

when bandwidth 1 OM bps 63

4.13(a) Application testing sending data continuously 65

4.l3(b) UDP datagram captured using Wireshark 65

4.13(c) Application testing receiving data continuously 66

4.14(a) Application result for sending data continuously 66

4.14(b) Application result for receiving data continuously 67

4.15 Packet received calculated for every second 68

4.16 Performance of Wi-Fi link obtained from calculating the

packet lost 69

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LIST OF TABLE

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Polynomial coefiicient for QPSK Y2 20

2.2 The hypothetical speed and range 21

4.0 Calculated distance (d) with respect to the vehicle speed (v)

According to the 2-second rules 39

4.1 The expected bit rate and throughput for the

safety following distance 41

4.2 Doppler shift for various speeds different 44

4.3(a) Throughput unicast measured between two smartphones 48

4.3(b) Throughput multicast measured between two smartphone 48

4.3(c) Throughput multicast measured using different buffer size 51

4.4(a) Throughput unicast measured from smartphone to PC 51

4.5(a)

4

.5(

b)

4

.6(a)

4.6(b)

Throughput unicast measured from PC to smartphone

Throughput multicast measured from PC to smartphone

Throughput unicast measured from experiment

Throughput multicast measured from experiment

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55

61

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical

SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio

BER Bit Error Rate

UDP User Datagram Protocol

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

IP Internet Protocol

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Driver assist systems reveal how technology is being applied to augment drivers'

skills and at the same time, improved road safety throughput. ln Europe, the European

Commission formed the eSafety working-group in 2002 (J.Jaaskelainen, 2002). The aim

of his working-group is to encourage the development and use of intelligent and

integrated safety systems in cars. According to the statistics, this eSafety web site shown

that more than l .2 million people were involved in road accident~ and being injured in

the EU in 2005 and, over 40,000 were killed (Christine, 2009). Analysis of accidents

shows that human error is the main cause of accidents, it takes about 93 percent. Thus, a

sensing system that able to assist and warn the driver could save lives. The existing

technologies is on preventing rear-ending collisions, keeping the vehicle in the lane,

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A driver assist system is used to provide driver additional information when

driving. It can provide driver information in different ways, the path to a destination or the nearby traffic condition in the road. For instance, when driving in a two-way road, it is extremely useful in providing driver the nearby traffic condition in real time,

especially when vision of driver is blocked by a vehicle with huge size. For example,

when two vehicles are moving in a lane, the vision of driver may be blocked if there is a

truck in front. With the use of real-time driver assist system, the driver's vision has greatly extended and allow driver to react accordingly. If there is an accident occurred or

road block, the vehicles behind may choose to use an alternative lane or make a U-tum.

Driver may choose to queue patiently or overtaking when the flow of vehicles in the

road is slow.

With the development of advanced technologies today, mobile devices with

multiple functions are available. For example, in a smartphone, the camera is able to capture a higher quality video and images, significant amount of computing power and

connectivity via various wireless local area networks. The making use the inherently ISM band wireless communication connectivity is possible to send and receive the

compressed video images to assist driver in making life critical decision in real time is to

be examined.

1.1 Overview of project:

When driver in a car is moving behind a truck, the driver's vision is blocked by

the truck. In order to extend the vision, the driver can move the car slightly to the right

or left from the truck. However, this could only work if there is a far distance between

the car and the truck, illustrate in Figure l. l (a).

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ln the case where driver in the car is just behind the truck and driver's vision is

blocked, the distance between both vehicles is considered short. Thus, car driver is

forced to slow down the car speed until almost the same as the truck in front in order to

avoid collision. The distance between both vehicles is assumed a car length according to

the safe following distance by using 2-second rule. This is the scenario where the

propose driver assisting system is used.

Two smartphones are needed for the usage of the proposed driver assisting

system. Smartphone A is placed in the truck while Smartphone B is placed in the car.

View from truck driver will be captured and sending out from Smartphone A; car driver

uses Smartphone B to receive the view shared by Smartphone A. Thus, car driver's view

is extended by using the proposed driver assisting system. Car driver can determine

whether it is the suitable time to overtaking safely.

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Figure l. I(b) Driver's vision when just behind the truck.

1.2 Problem Statement:

I. Wi-Fi is inherently non real-time. Car driver required a stable wireless channel to receive view shared by truck driver to make life critical decision.

(Example: Safely overtaking the slow moving truck). The data rate in PHY layer must highly enough to support !Mbps throughput for compressed video transmission. The data rate in PHY layer must highly enough to support data transmission between two smartphones. There are parameters that affect stability of Wi-Fi channel. The effect of those parameters that will affect the usage of proposed driver assist system in the identified scenario need to be determined.

2. Besides, the parameters that will affect the usage of the proposed driver assist system in the identified scenario are unknown.

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1.3 Objectives:

1. To critically define the scenario where the proposed driver assist system will be used.

2. To identify the parameters that will affect the usage of the proposed driver assist system in the identified scenario.

3. To construct Smartphone Application to capture and analyze the identified Wi-Fi channel parameter.

1.4 Scope of project:

1. Wireless Communication channel is used for the transmission of compressed video between transmitter and receiver.

2. Scenario where the proposed driver assists system will be used.

3. Parameters that will affect the usage of the proposed driver assist system in the identified scenario.