Islam Grade 12&13 syllabus.pdf
14
0
0
Full text
(2) 1.0 mwpKfk; kdpjid r%fkakhf;Fk; rhjdq;fSs; fy;tp gpujhd ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,lk; cz;L. vdNtjhd; fy;tpAk;> rkaKk; ,izgphpahky; nray;gLfpd;wd.. r%fkakhf;fy; gzpapy; rkaj;Jf;F Kf;fpa. ,];yhk; xU tho;f;if Kiw vd;w tifapy; K];ypk;fspd; tho;it cUthf;FtjpYk; nraw;gLj;JtjpYk; xOq;fikg;gjpYk; KOikahd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jptUfpd;wJ. mJ xU ghlkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; tho;fi ; ff;fhd topfhl;lyhfNt fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghJthf kdpj rKjhaKk;> Fwpg;ghf ,isQh; guk;giuAk; rkaj;ijg; Gwf;fzpj;JtUk; ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;> rkaj;jpd; NjitAk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; khztuJ cs;sj;jpy; Nt&d;wg;gl Ntz;baJ ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. mjw;fhf tFf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;jg; ghlj;jpl;lj;ijf; ifahStjpy; Mrphpah;fspd; gq;fspg;G tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J> Nfhl;ghl;L hPjpahf kl;Lkd;wp mZFKiw> Kd;khjphp Nghd;w topKiwfSf;$lhfTk; Kd;itf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. gy;ypd r%fj;Jf;F kj;jpapy; rpWghd;ikr; r%fkhf thOfpd;w vq;fSf;F ,];yhk; ghlNghjid> ,];yhj;jpd; jdpj;Jtj;ij fhg;gjhfTk; mNj Neuj;jpy; Vida ,dq;fNshL gu];guk; Ghpe;Jzh;NthL ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;bajhfTk; mikfpd;wJ. vdNtjhd; gy;ypd r%fq;fs; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;G ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rka ghlk; fiyj;Jiwf;fhd xU ghlkhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; tho;f;ifapy; Neubahfg; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; tplaq;fNs mjpy; nghjpe;Js;sjhy;> vy;yhj;Jiw khzth;fSk; rka ghlj;jpy; - Fwpg;ghf ,];yhk; ghlj;jpy; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;ba NjitAz;L. ,t;tthwhd gq;Nfw;wiy Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; ,];yhk; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrphpahpd; mh;g;gz rpe;ijAk; Kaw;rpfSk; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j tifapy; ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; Mrphpah;fspd; KOikahd xj;Jiog;Gk; gq;fspg;Gk; tpNrlkhf vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;ij fw;gpg;gjpy; Mrphpah;fs; tphpthd mbg;gilapy; NjLjy; Nkw;nfhs;tNjhL khzthpd; mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F> nrad;Kiw Nghd;wtw;wpy; ghhpa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; toptiffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;$lhf ,];yhkpa mwpTk; gf;FtKk; gapw;rpAKila xU khztg; guk;giuiaj; Njhw;Wtpf;f KbtNjhL ehl;Lf;F ey;y Fbkf;fshf mth;fis cUthf;fTk; KbAk; vd ek;GfpNwhk;.. 1.
(3) 2.0 ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fk; •. ,];yhk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.. •. ,];yhj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ijAk; tsh;r;rpiaAk; mwpe;J eaj;jy;.. •. ,];yhj;jpd; ek;gpf;iff; Nfhl;ghLfis tpsq;fp Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.. •. ,];yhj;jpd; cyf Nehf;F gw;wpa njspitg; ngw;W tpsf;Fjy;.. •. ,];yhj;jpd; %yhjhuq;fis tpsq;fp mjd; top> tho;it mikj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.. •. jdpkdpj> FLk;g tho;tpy; ,];yhj;jpd; Nghjidfis gpd;gw;wy;.. •. ,];yhj;jpd; Md;kPf> nysfPf xOq;Ffis tpsq;fp eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.. •. ,ghjj;Jfisf; filg;gpbj;J ,iwjpUg;jpiag; ngw Kaw;rpj;jy;.. •. r%f tho;T njhlh;ghf ,];yhj;jpd; Nghjidfis mwpe;J gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;.. •. ,];yhj;jpd; nghUspay; Nfhl;ghl;il tpsq;fp mjd;gb tho;it mikj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.. •. ,yq;iff;F ,];yhk; mwpKfkhd KiwapidAk; ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; Njrpa gq;fspg;GfisAk; ,dq;fz;L eaj;jy;.. •. jtwhfg; Ghpag;gl;Ls;s ,];yhj;jpd; xOq;Ffis rhpahf tpsq;fp vLj;Jf;fhl;ly;.. •. gpw rka r%f fyhrhu eilKiwfis tpsq;fp midtUlDk; Ghpe;Jzh;NthLk; ey;ypzf;fj;NjhLk; thoy;.. 2.
(4) Njh;ghlrhiy r;rp. juk;. Njh;r p kl; cs;s ghlNtis jtizf; N;rfw; g lk;ghlj;jpl;lj;ijghltFj; jlf; f; fk;nfhs;tjw;fhd cj;Njr jpl;lk; jtiz I. juk; 12. juk; 13. Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;. ghlNtisfs;. 1.1> 1.2> 1.3> 1.4> 1.5> 1.6> 1.7. 100. II. 2.1> 2.2> 3.1> 3.2> 3.3. 100. III. 4.1> 4.2> 5.1> 5.2> 6.1> 6.2. 100. I. 7.1> 7.2> 7.3> 8.1. 100. II. 8.2> 9.1> 9.2. 100. III. 9.3> 10.1> 10.2. 100. 3.
(5) 3.0 ghlj; j pl; l k; 3.1 juk; 12 Njh;r;rp. Njh;r;rp kl;lk;. ghl cs;slf;fk;. ghlNtis. •. ,];yhk; vd;gjd; tpsf;fKk; mjd; rpwg;gk;rq;fSk;. 10. • • •. jt;`Pj; Nfhl;ghL ,yh`;> wg;G m];kh> ]pghj; gw;wpa tpsf;fk;. 15. • •. \ph;f; - mjd; tiffs; ,y;`hj;> Fg;h;> hpj;jj;> epghf;. 15. 1.4 hp]hyj;> EGt;tj; Nfhl;ghL • fis tpsq;fp tho;tpy; filg; • gpbg;ghh;. •. hp]hyj;> EGt;tj;> t`p - mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,Wjp egpj;Jtk; k`g;gJh; u]_y; (]y;). 15. 1.5 kWik tho;T gw;wpa ek;gpf;if • ia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;$lhf cyf tho;it rPh;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;. •. kWik tho;T gw;wpa ,];yhkpa Nehf;Fk; mJ cz;L vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fSk; cyf KbTf;fhd milahsq;fSk; kWik epfo;TfSk; kWik ek;gpf;if kdpj tho;tpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk;. 15. my;fohc ty; fj;h; gw;wpa ek;gpf;ifAk; mJ kdpj tho;tpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fKk;. 10. 1.1 ,];yhj;ijAk; mjd; rpwg;gk; 1.0 ,]; y hj; i jAk; rq;fisAk; tpsq;fp $Wthh;. mjd; ek;gpf;iff; Nfhl; g hLfisAk; 1.2 ,iwtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; vd;gij tpsq;fp> mtw;wpd; Ak;> mtd; xUtd; vd;gijAk; gb xOfptUthh;. tpsq;fp nraw;gLthh;. 1.3 <khidg; ghjpf;Fk; mk;rq; fis mwpe;J ehshe;j tho;tpy; mtw;wpypUe;J jtph;e;J elg;ghh;.. • 1.6 midj;Jk; my;yh`;tpd; ehl;lg; • gbAk; jpl;lg;gbANk eilngW fpd;wd vd;gij Vw;Wr; nraw;gLthh;.. 4.
(6) Njh;r;rp. 2.0 cyf Nehf;F gw;wpa ,];yhj; jpd; fz;Nzhl; lj;ij tpsq;fp xOFthh; .. Njh;r;rp kl;lk;. ghl cs;slf;fk;. ghlNtis. 1.7 mfPjhtpy; Njhd;wpa gphpTfis • tpsq;fp J}a mfPjhit gpdg ; w;wp • xOFthh;. •. mfPjh gw;wpa Nehf;FfSk; gphpTfSk; mit Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk; tpisTfSk; m`;Y];]{d;dh ty; [khMtpd; mfPjh. 20. 2.1 gpugQ; r k; > kdpjd; gw; w pa • ,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpw;F mika jdJ tho;it • rPuikj;Jf; nfhs;thh;.. gpugQ;rk; gw;wpa ,];yhj;jpd; fz;Nzhl;lk; kdpjtho;T gw;wpa ,];yhj;jpd; fz;Nzhl;lk;. 15. 2.2 my; y h`; t pd; gpujpepjp vd; w • tifapy; kdpjd; jdJ • nghWg;Gf;fis mwpe;J tho;tpy; • eilKiwg;gLj;Jthh;.. ,ghjj; ,khuj; fpyhgj;. 10. 3.0 t`papd; mbg;gil 3.1 my; F h; M dpd; cs; s lf; f k; > • m y ; F h ; M d ; , ] ; y h j ; j p d ; m b g ; g i l Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> mJ tho;fi ; fapy; %yhjhuk; vd;gJk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; apy; mike;j %yh Vw; g Lj; J k; jhf; f k; vd; g tw; i wf; • my;Fh;Md; mUsg;glYk; njhFf;fg;glYk; jhuq; f is tpsq; fpufpj;J jdJ nkhopeilapy; • my;Fh;Mdpd; mikg;Gk; cs;slf;fKk; fpr; nraw;gLthh;. tpgupg;ghu;.. •. 5. my;Fh;Md; Xh; mw;Gjk;. 30.
(7) Njh;r;rp. Njh;r;rp kl;lk;. ghl cs;slf;fk; • •. ghlNtis. my;Fh;Mdpd; kPJ vkf;Fs;s flikfs; jg;]Phpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;. 15. 3.3 ]{d;dhtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; • mJ Nrfupf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;iw Ak; tpsq;fp jdJ tho;fi ; fapd; • Xu; mk; r khf mij Vw; W f; • nfhs;thu;. •. `jP];> ]{d;dh gjtpsf;fKk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; `jP]; njhFf;fg;gl;l tuyhW nks*Mj;Jf;fspd; Njhw;wKk; mJ Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fKk; ]{d;dhtpd; J}a;ikiag; ghJfhf;f Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffSk; gpujhd `jP]; njhFg;G E}y;fSk;. 30. • • •. ,[;jp`hj; - fUj;Jk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; ,[;jp`hJk; jf;yPJk; rl;lj;Jiw tsh;r;rpapy; ,[;jp`hjpd; gq;F. 20. • •. ,[;khTk; fpah]{k; Vida Jiz %yhjhuq;fs;. 20. 3.2 my;Fh;MDld; czh;Tg+h;tkhd njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;jp mjid jdJ tho;tpd; topfhl;bahf Vw;W elg;ghh;.. 4.1 ,[;jp`hjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij 4.0 ,[; j p`hjpd; mwpe;J mjd;top nraw;gLthh;. %yk; ngwg; g Lfpd; w Jiz %yhjhuq; fis ,dq;fz;L eilKiwg; g Lj; J 4.2 Jiz %yhjhuq;fis tpsq;fp mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;Wthh;. thh; .. 6.
(8) Njh;r;rp 5.0 ,]; y hj; j pd; Md;kPf> jhh;kPf xOq; F fis tpsq;fp jdJ tho;tpy; filg; gpbg; g hh; .. 6.0 tzf;f topghL fspd; Md;kPf nysfPf gad; fis mwpe;J md;whl tho;tpy; Kidg;Gld; epiwNtw; W thh; .. Njh;r;rp kl;lk;. ghl cs;slf;fk;. 5.1 Md;kPf Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhd top fis gpuNahfpj;J jkJ tho;fi ; fiar; nrk;ikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;.. •. 5.2 Md;kf P Nkk;ghl;Lf;F jilahf cs;stw;iwj; jtph;eJ ; elg;ghh;. •. 6.1 ,ghjj;Jfspd; Md;kf P nysfPf mk;rq;fisf; fpufpj;J jkJ nkhopeilapy; tpgupg;ghu;.. 6.2 gpujhd ,ghjj;Jfis tho;tpy; nrk; i kahff; filg; g pbj; J xOFthh;. ghlNtis. ,];yhj;jpy; Md;kPfk; tfpf;Fk; ,lk; (j];fpaj;Je; eg;];) Md; k P f Nkk; g hl; b d; tpisTk; ; mjd; tpUj;jpf;F j]t;Tg; Jiwapd; gq;fspg;Gk;. 15. Md;kPf Nkk;ghl;Lf;F jilahf cs;s mk;rq;fs; Md;kPf tho;it ghjpf;Fk; ghtq;fs;. 15. •. ,ghjj; gw;wpa tpsf;fKk; gpujhd ,ghjj;Jf;fSk; • njhOif • ]fhj; • Nehd;G • `[;. 15. •. gpujhd ,ghjhf;fspd; nray;Kiw • njhOif • ]fhj; • Nehd;G • `[;. 15. •. •. 7.
(9) 3.2 Njh;r;rp. juk; 13 Njh;r;rp kl;lk;. ghl cs;slf;fk;. 7.0 ,];yhj;jpd; Njhw; 7.1 ,]; y hj; j pd; Njhw; w j; i jAk; • egpath;fs; fhyj;jpy; ,];yhj;jpd; tsh;r;rpiaAk; tpsq;fp mjd; Njhw;wk; wk;> tsh;r;rp gw;wp Kd; k hjp h p f is vLj; J f; $ Wthh; . • ,];yhj;jpd; tsh;r;rp Ak; ,yq; i fapy; • murpay; tsh;r;rp ,];yhk; mwpKfkh • rka> r%f ,ay; tsh;r;rp dik gw;wpAk; tpsq; f p vLj; J f; 7.2 ,yq;ifapy; ,];yhk; mwpKf • ,yq;ifapy; ,];yhk; mwpKfkhjy; $Wthh; . khfpa tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia • fpufpj;J tpkh;rd hPjpahf vOjpf; fhl;Lthh;.. ghlNtis 25. 20. ,yq;ifapy; ,];yhj;jpd; tsh;r;rp. 7.3 ,yq;ifah; vd;w mbg;gilapy; • K];ypk;fs; Njrj;Jf;F Mw;wpa • gq;fspg;Gf;fis tpsq;fp ehl;Lf;Fg; gzpahw;Wthh;.. ,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; Njrpa gq;fspg;Gfs; ,yq;if K];ypkf ; spd; fyhrhu gq;fspgG ; fs;. 25. • • • • • •. jdpkdpjDk; FLk;gKk; FLk;g tho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tpthfk; tpthf tpyf;F ,j;jh fztd; kidtpf;Fk;> kidtp fztDf;Fk; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfSk; chpikfSk; ngw;Nwhh; gps;isfSf;Fk; gps;isfs; ngw;Nwhh;fSf;Fk; nra;a Ntz;ba flikfSk; chpikfSk; cwtpdUk; mayhUk;. 30. 8.0 jdpkdpj> FLk;g 8.1 jdpkdpj> FLk;g tho;tpw;fhd ,];yhkpa mZF Kiwia tho;Tld; njhlh; gpuNahfpj;J FLk;g tho;it ghd ,];yhkpa rpwg;ghf mikj;Jf;nfhs;thu;. rl;ljpl;lq;fisAk; NghjidfisAk; fw;W jdJ tho;it newpg; gLj; j pf; n fhs; t hh; .. • • 8.
(10) Njh;r;rp. Njh;r;rp kl;lk;. ghl cs;slf;fk;. ghlNtis. 8.2 k d p j t h o ; t p d ; m b g ; g i l j ; • Njitfshd czT> cil> tPL njhlh; g hd ,]; y hkpa newp • KiwfisAk; tpjpKiwfis • Ak; gpd;gw;wp xOFthh;.. `yhy; - `uhk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; tiuaiwfSk; tpjpKiwfSk; czT njhlh;ghd ,];yhkpa tpjpKiwfs; tPl;Ltho;f;if njhlh;ghd xOf;fq;fs;. 30. • •. r%f tho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,];yhkpa r%f mikg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; • rNfhjuj;Jtk; • rkj;Jtk; • r%f ePjp • $l;Lg; nghWg;G • jiyikj;Jtk; r%fj;ij topelhj;Jk; epWtdk; vd;w tifapy; k];[pj; gpw r%fj;jtUldhd cwT caph;fsplj;jpy; md;G kdpj chpik. 30. ,];yhj;jpy; nghUsPl;ly; ,];yhj;jpy; njhopy;rhh; xOq;Ffs; ,];yhk; jLf;Fk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; ,];yhkpa thhpRhpikr; rl;lk;. 40. 9.1 ,]; y hj; j py; r%f tho; t pd; 9.0 r%f tho;Tld; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; GhpeJ ; > r%ff; njhlh; g hd flikfis epiwNtw; Wthh;. ,];yhkpa rl;l jpl; l q; f isAk; NghjidfisAk; mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;g jkJ tho;it tbtikj; J f; nfhs; t hh; .. 9.2 njhopy;rhh; eltbf;iffspy; ,];yhkpa tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wthh;.. • • • • • • • •. 9.
(11) Njh;r;rp. Njh;r;rp kl;lk;. ghl cs;slf;fk;. 9.3 jtwhfg; Ghpag; g l; l vz; z f; • fUf; f is rhpahf tpsq; f p • kw;wth;fSf;F njspTgLj;Jthh;. • •. 10.0 xOf;fk; gw;wpa 10.1 xOf;fk; gw;wpa ,];yhj;jpd; fz;Nzhl;lj;ij fpufpj;J ,];yhkpaf; fz; eil Kiwg;gLj;Jthh;. Nzhl; l j; i j tpsq;fp mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; mjid tsh;f;Fk; 10.2 ,];yhk; $Wk; xOf;f Nghjid KiwfisAk; fisAk; topKiwfisAk; gpuNahfpjJ ; ,];yhkpa xOf;fj; mwpe;J xOFthh;. ijf; filg;gpbg;ghh;.. ghlNtis. gyjhu kzk; ngz;fs; epiy Fw;wKk; jz;lidAk; [p`hj;. 40. • • •. xOf;fk; gw;wpa ,];yhj;jpd; fz;Nzhl;lk; tho;tpy; xOf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Md;kPf Nkk;ghLk; xOf;fKk;. 30. •. xOf;fj;ij tpUj;jpnra;tjw;fhd Nghjid fSk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topKiw fSk; K];ypk;fsplk; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba jdpkdpj> FLk;g> r%f tho;NthL njhlh;Gila xOf;fg; gz;Gfs;. 30. •. 10.
(12) 4.0 fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw khzthpd; mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;FfSf;$lhf elj;ijapy; Vw;gLfpd;w njspthdJk;> epiyahdJkhd khw;wj;ij ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L Njh;;r;rpfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahy;> rka ghlj;ij ntWk; mwpT tpUj;jpf;fhd epiyapy; kl;Lkd;wp kdg;ghq;F tpUj;jp> elj;ij khw;wk; vd;gtw;iwAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w topapy; elj;Jtjw;F> Njh;r;rpika fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiw rpwg;ghf mikAk;. Njh;r;rp ika fy;tpapy; Mrphpahpd; tfpghfk; khw;wkiltjhYk; khzthpd; <LghL mjpfkhf miktjhYk; cah;tFg;gpy; rpwe;j jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. Mjyhy; khzthpd; jpwikfis ,dq;fz;L fw;wYf;Fj; Njitahd JizfSf;$lhf khzth;fspd; milTkl;lj;ij va;Jtjw;F Mrphpah;fs; topfhl;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;. khztiuf; fth;tJ> Mh;tj;NjhL vjph;ghh;g;gJ Nghd;w jd;ikfis cUthf;Ftjw;F nghUj;jkhd cj;jpfisf; ifahs;tJ Mrphpahpd; gzpahFk;. tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba mbg;gilj; Njh;r;rpfSld; njhlh;Gila Kd;dwpT epidT$ug;gl Ntz;Lk;. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bid tphpthf;Fk; NghJ mit gpd;tUk; tiffspy; mika KbAk;. • • • • • • •. tpdh - tpilg; Gj;jfk; FOf;fye;Jiuahly; tpthjk; fUj;juq;F fsNtiyg; Gj;jfk; jpdf;Fwpg;G fUj;Jf;fis/ tpkh;rdq;fis Kd;itj;jy;.. 11.
(13) 5.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; vkJ ehl;Lf; fiyj;jpl;lk; ghPl;iria ,yf;fhff; nfhz;l Vl;Lf; fy;tpf;;F Kjyplk; toq;fp eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikahy; jpwd;fSk;> kdg;ghq;FfSk;> ew;gof;fq;fSk; mhpjhfNt cUthFk; epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;epiyia epth;j;jp nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gpdd ; zp ghlrhiyfspy; cUthfj;jf;f tifapy; ghlrhiyj; njhFjpAk; ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; ,irTgLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,];yhk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpD}lhf khzthpd; jpwd;fisAk;> kdg;ghq;FfisAk; ew;gof;fq;fisAk; tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F cjTtjw;fhf ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; xOq;F nra;ag;gLk; gy;NtW ghlrhiyr; nraw;ghLfisj; Jizahff; nfhs;sy; rpwe;jjhFk;. ,g;Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lj;ijg; ghlrhiyapy; mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gpd;tUk; toptiffis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. 1.. rka> fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fis Nkk;gLj;j tpUk;Gk; mikg;Gf;fis ghlrhiyapy; elhj;jr; nra;jy;.. 2.. kj;u]hf;fs;> [hkpMf;fs;> gapw;rp Kfhk;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; ghh;itapLtjw;fhf fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhf;fis xOq;FgLj;jp khztiug; gq;Fgw;wr; nra;jy;.. 3.. ghlrhiyf;Fj; Njitahd ,];yhkpa eilKiwfis khzth; jhkhf jpl;lkpl;L mikg;gjw;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw cUthf;fp eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.. 4.. Gj;jhf;fr; nraw;wpl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpa Nghl;bfs;> epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw elhj;jy;.. 5.. ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Gj;jhf;fk; gilj;j khzth;fisAk; mth;fSf;F tsg;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;NjhiuAk; mioj;J nraykh;Tfis xOq;F nra;jYk;> mth;fspd; Nritfisg; ghlrhiyf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sYk;.. Nkw;gb gzpfis ntw;wpfukhditahf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf mjpgh; cl;gl Mrphpah; Fohj;jpdJk; khzt khztpauJk; Mh;tkpf;f gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ,g;ghlj;ijg; ghlrhiyapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mh;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gLk; Mrphpah;fSf;Fj; Njitahd trjpfisAk; xj;Jiog;igAk; toq;f mjpgh; jaq;fyhfhJ. Nkw;gb nraw;ghLfis xOq;F nra;tjw;fhf kuGhPjpahd ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifapypUe;J rw;W tpyfp ghlrhiyf;nfdr; rpwg;ghd xU nfhs;iff; Nfhitia tFj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd xU nfhs;iff; Nfhitia ntw;wpfukhdjhf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf> ghlrhiyAld; njhlh;Gila rKjhaj;jpdhpd; <Lghl;ilAk; tsthsh;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fspd; mwpitAk; MNyhridfisAk; ngw;Wg; gadilayhk;. 12.
(14) 6.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;L epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpd;fPo;> xt;nthU jtizf;Fnkd epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; vd;gd cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; fzpg;gPl;Lf;fUtpfisj; jahupj;J eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ juk; 13 ,d; ,Wjpapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w Njrpa kl;lf; fzpg;gPlhd fh.ngh.j. cau;ju guPl;irf;FupajhfNt jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj;jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; KjyhtJ guPl;ir 2011 Mk; Mz;by; eilngwTs;sJ. ,g;guPl;irf;Fupa tpdhg;gj;jpuj;jpd; mikg;G> khjpup gw;wpa njspthd tpguq;fs; ,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; toq;fg;gLk;.. 13.
(15)
Related documents
Ramiro Neves from the Instituto Superior Tecnico de Lisboa, Portugal, described the situation at the Portuguese coast, where the more intense usage of fertilizers, the polluted river
By placing the Gathering Infor- mation step between the Problem Defi nition and Concept Generation steps, we are emphasizing the critical need for information to achieve a
PO 3: Be able to design civil engineering structural systems that serve the basic needs of the society PO 4: Be able to apply the civil engineering software skills to analyze
Nidal Mahmoud (2007): The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor is extensively used in tropical nations for sewage treatment, such as India and
The system uses a data rate based on the condition of the local loop line.. DMT (Discrete
• Earliest start date for the current activity = earliest finish date for the previous. • When there is more than one previous activity, take the latest
Due to high water content, sewage sludge would absorb microwave irradiation energy with high efficiency and increase its temperature very fast.. Techniques such as microwave drying,
