1 Keramik Maju

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Ilmu Bahan Lanjut

01-Ker

01-Keramik

amik Maju

Maju

Oleh

Yuni Nurfiana W, M. Sc

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PERKEMBANGAN KERAMIK KONVENSIONAL INDONESIA

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7000 BC. First bricks made of dried clay 4000 BC Frist fired bricks (Mesopotamia)

Appearance of potter's wheel and firing kilns (Egypt)

2600 BC First bricks with sumeric cuneiform writings

2300 BC Ziggourat build par Our-Nammon

(„The tower of Babylone“)

600 BC Ishtar portal in Babylone

build by king Nabuchodonosor (photo) 800 AC Developement of porcellaine in China

1600 AC Introduction of porcellaine manufacturing in Europe (Saxony)

1900 AC First application of non-silicate ceramics, refractories MgO and SiC

1960 AC Introduction of the Bayer process for the manufacturing of alumina

1986 AC Discovery of supraconductivity in cuprate

ceramics (Müller and Bednorz, IBM Rüschlikon)

History of Ceramic Materials

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Properties of Ceramic Materials I

Introduction high values low values Ceramics Metals Melting point LT mechanical resistance HT mechanical resistance Thermal expansion Ductility Corrosion resistance Abrasion resistance Electrical conductivity Density Thermal conductivity Thermal shock resistance

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Keramik berasal dari bahasa Yunani Keramos yang berarti peruk atau

belanga yang terbuat dari tanah maka yang disebut dengan produk

keramik adalah mencakup macam-macam produk yang dibuat melalui

proses pembakaran.

Definisi pengertian keramik terbaru mencakup semua bahan bukan logam

dan anorganik yang berbentuk padat. Bahan keramik bisa crystalline di

alam dan senyawa antara logam dan nonlogam seperti aluminum and

oxygen (alumina-Al

₂

O

₃

) or silicon and nitrogen (silicon nitride-Si

₃

N

₄

).

Type of ceramic materials based on composition:

1. Silicate ceramics: compounds containing the anionic complex (SiO

₄

)

e.g. the silicate group.

2. Advanced ceramics:

Oxide ceramics: alumina, zirconia etc.

Non-oxide ceramics: carbides and nitrides are the most important

compounds of this group.

Material Keramik

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Ceramics

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Jadi, apa

Jadi, apa perbedaan pok

perbedaan pokok dari

ok dari

k

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The most remarkable property of ceramic materials is their very high melting, sublimation or dissociation temperatures. Typical ceramic materials and melting points

MgO 2800 °C HfC 3890 °C

Al₂O₃ 2030 °C HfTa₄C₅ 3940 °C

ZrO₂ (stab. Y) 2550 °C WC 2600 °C

TiO₂ 1840 °C SiC 2250 °C (diss.

elements)

SiO₂ 1710 °C BN 2400 °C (subl.)

Mg₂SiO₄ 1810 °C TiN 2950 °C

Al₂SiO₅ 1810 °C AlN 2500 °C (subl.)

CaSiO₃ 1540 °C Si₃N₄ 1900 °C (subl.)

C 3750 °C

Si 1421 °C

Properties of Ceramic Materials II

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Manufacturing of ceramic materials II

Introduction raw material properties microstructure final product properties powder processing forming, shaping drying firing finishing application

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Ukuran

• Kisaran submikrometer < 1 µm (0,000039 inci)

Homogenitas

• Teknik solid-state standar

• Dekomposisi garam karbonat, nitrat, sulfat untuk

membentuk oksida logam atau karbida, nitrida, borida

Proses

• Kopresipitasi • Kalsinasi

• Hasilnya kristal halus oksida yang diinginkan

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Bubuk keramik

Kristal halus

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Powder Pressing

Sintering -

powder touches - forms neck & gradually neck

thickens

• add processing aids to help form neck

• little or no plastic deformation

Adapted from Fig. 13.16,Callister 7e_.

Uniaxial compression -

compacted in single direction

Isostatic (hydrostatic) compression -

pressure applied by

fluid - powder in rubber envelope

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Raw Material

properties

Raw mineral

Clay

Silica

Shynthetic

Powder

Presipitasi

Spray dry (nano)

Freeze dry

Vapour phase

Sol gel <0,1 µm

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Bubuk

keramik

Consolidation

method

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Tape Casting

• thin sheets of green ceramic cast as flexible tape

• used for integrated circuits and capacitors

• cast from liquid slip (ceramic + organic solvent)

Bubuk keramik + pelarut organik dilempar ke permukaan. Ujung pisaunya menyebarkan bubuk pada ketebalan ttt, pelarut diuapkan, pita digulung

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Metode Pembuatan

Potter whell

Slip casting

Injection molding

Sol gel

Hot pressing

HIPing

Rapid prototyping

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High temperature process

(harus cepat)

Flame kiln

-Electric furnace

-Hot press

-reaction sinter

-vapor deposition

-plasma spraying

-Microwave furnace

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Finishing Process

Erosion

Glazing

Erosion Laser machine Plasma Spraying Ion implantation Coating

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Karakterisasi

Visible examination

Light microscopy

Light microscopy X-ray diffraction Electron microscop Neutron diffraction Surface analytical method

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Advanced Ceramics Application

• Structural:

Wear parts, bioceramics, cutting tools,

engine components, armour.

• Electrical:

Capacitors, insulators, integrated circuit

packages, piezoelectrics, magnets and

superconductors

• Coatings:

Engine components, cutting tools, and

industrial wear parts

• Chemical and environmental:

Filters, membranes,

catalysts, and catalyst supports

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Classification of ceramics by function

Introduction

Function Class

electrical insulation -Al₂O₃ , MgO, procelain

ferroelectrics BaTiO₃, SrTiO₃

piezoelectrics PbZr_0.5Ti_0.5O₃

conductors MoSi₂, SiC

fast ionic conductors -Al₂O₃ , doped ZrO₂ superconductors Ba YCu₂ ₃O_7-x

magnetic soft ferrites Mn_0.4 Zn_0.6Fe₂O₄

hard ferrites BaFe₁₂O₁₉, SrFe₁₂O₁₉

nuclear fuel UO₂, UO₂ - PuO₂

shielding SiC, BC₄

optical transparent envelopes -Al₂O₃, MgAl₂O₄

light memory doped PbZr_0.5Ti_0.5O₃ , LiNbO₃

colors doped ZrSiO₄, doped ZrO₂ , doped Al₂O₃

mechanical structural refractory -Al₂O₃ , MgO, Si₃N₄ , SiC

wear resistance -Al₂O₃, ZrO₂ , Si₃N₄ , SiC

cutting -Al₂O₃, ZrO₂ , Si₃N₄ , SiC, WC, SiAlON

abrasive -Al₂O₃ , MgO, SiC

construction CaO - Al₂O₃ - SiO₂ , porcelain

thermal insulation -Al₂O₃, ZrO₂ , Al₆Si₂O₁₃ , SiO₂

radiator ZrO₂, TiO₂, AlN

chemical gas sensor ZnO, ZrO₂, SnO₂, Fe₂O₃

catalyst carrier Mg₂Al₄Si₅O₁₈, Al₂O₃

electrodes TiO₂, SnO₂, ZnO, TiB₂

filters SiO₂, Al₂O₃

coatings NaO - CaO - Al₂O₃ - SiO₂

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Early Ming Dynasty Bowl 14th century http://www.dadums.50megs.com/chinese/fish.html

Brick wall, Oxford St. Berkeley http://www.ma.huji.ac.il

Tile pattern, Alhambra, Granada Spain http://www.ma.huji.ac.il

Application of silicate ceramics

Introduction

Electric fuses

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Kryocera Si₃N₄ gas turbine rotor

BORIDE Inc WC blast nozzle

Kundan MgO refractory bricks (furnace liners)

Application of advanced ceramics

Introduction

Structural Al₂ O₃ parts (Reed, 1995)

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Engine Components

Rotor (Alumina)

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Turbocharger

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Silicon Carbide

Automotive

Components in Silicon

Carbide

Chosen for its heat

and wear resistance

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Silicon Carbide

Body armour and

other components

chosen for their

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Bioceramics and bioglasses are ceramic materials that

are biocompatible.Bioceramics are an important subset of

biomaterials. Bioceramics range in biocompatibility from the

ceramic oxides, which are inert in the body, to the other

extreme of resorbable materials, which are eventually

replaced by the body after they have assisted repair.

Bioceramics are used in many types of medical procedures.

Bioceramics are typically used as rigid materials in surgical

implants, though some bioceramics are flexible. The ceramic

materials used are not the same as porcelain type ceramic

materials. Rather, bioceramics are closely related to either the

body's own materials or are extremely durable metal oxides.

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Introduction

General ceramic processing flow chart (Reed, 1995)

Ceramic materials cannot be formed by the manufacturing processes known from metallic or organic materials. The energy to melt and cast ceramic raw

materials would be far too costly. The process used to form ceramic materials is a heat treatment of very fine powders of the raw material(s) called sintering. The brittle nature of ceramic

endproducts demands as little as possible machining after sintering. The ceramic parts have,

therefore, to be shaped before sintering.

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Sintering:

useful for both clay and non-clay compositions.

• Procedure:

-- produce ceramic and/or glass particles by grinding

-- place particles in mold

-- press at elevated

T

_{to reduce pore size.}

• Aluminum oxide powder:

-- sintered at 1700°C

for 6 minutes.

Adapted from Fig. 13.17,Callister 7e_.

(Fig. 13.17 is from W.D. Kingery, H.K. Bowen, and D.R. Uhlmann, Introduction to Ceramics_{, 2nd ed., John Wiley and}