Rainfall over the Netherlands & beyond:
A remote sensing perspective
Manuel Felipe
Ríos Gaona
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S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G S P G ● ●Rainfall over the Netherlands
& beyond:
A remote sensing perspective
Promotor
Prof. Dr Remko Uijlenhoet
Professor of Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Wageningen University & Research
Co-promotors
Dr Aart Overeem
Researcher, R&D Observations and Data Technology
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, the Netherlands Dr Hidde Leijnse
Senior researcher, R&D Observations and Data Technology
Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, the Netherlands
Other members
Prof. Dr Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr Hagit Messer-Yaron, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Dr Marielle Gosset, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, France Prof. Dr Harald Kunstmann, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School for Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment (SENSE).
Rainfall over the Netherlands
& beyond:
A remote sensing perspective
Manuel Felipe Ríos Gaona
Thesis
submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University
by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol,
in the presence of the
Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public
on Tuesday 20 June 2017 at 4 p.m. in the Aula.
Rainfall over the Netherlands & beyond: A remote sensing perspective, 130 pages.
PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2017) With references, with summary in English
ISBN 978-94-6343-200-9
Contents
1 Introduction 7
2 GPM-IMERG: Satellite Rainfall 19
3 Satellite- and Link-derived Rainfall 39 4 Errors in Dutch Rainfall Maps from CML 57 5 CML Rainfall in São Paulo, Brazil 75
6 Synthesis 91
Appendices 97
Bibliography 107
Statement of authorship contribution 119
Summary 121
Chapter 1
Introduction
We live on planet Earth, and yes, theclichéthat it should be called planet “Water” and not
Earth is rather valid, for it is water the vital constituent that we live surrounded by and that we are made of. In fact, we should be called “aqualings” or “waterlings” instead of earthlings. By now, we are already familiar with the distribution of water on Earth (let's keep calling “Earth” Earth in the meantime):97.47%is salt water, with its vast majority
found in the oceans. The remaining2.53%is fresh water, out of which69.6%is on
gla-ciers, snow, and permafrost; and30.1%is found as groundwater.0.00759%of the total
amount isthe fresh waterwe usually survive with, i.e., rivers, lakes, soil moisture, atmosp-heric and biologic water (Oki and Kanae, 2006;Shiklomanov and Sokolov, 1983). The volume
of salt water is huge (∼1.36×109km3) but this water is not appropriate for human
con-sumption given its high salinity. The energy spent in seawater desalination is up to10
times more than the energy spent in wastewater treatment (Talbot, 2015a), which is the
main constraint for large-scale desalination. Nevertheless, Israel has achieved practical (cheap)levelsoflarge-scaledesalination,and50%
ofitswatersupplynowcomesfromse-awater (Talbot, 2015b). “Global desalination output has tripled since 2000: 16,000 plants
are up and running around the world,...” (Talbot, 2015a). Fresh water from glaciers and ice
sheets and caps is trapped, and even though groundwater extraction has doubled in the last decades (Wada et al., 2012), it is within that tiny0.00759%that earthlings flourished.
Where does water come from? Actually... we are not sure. One theory suggests that water was brought to Earth by the early impact of comets and asteroids. The whole∼1.4×1021
kg of terrestrial oceans could have been delivered by accretion of asteroidal material ac-cording toDauphas(2003), for instance. Another theory suggests the early
lock/entrap-ment of water in Earth's mantle when this latter formed billions of years ago (Hirschmann,
2006;Smyth, 1987), with more recent evidence of H2O-bearing fluids in the lower/deep
mantle, i.e., deeper than660km (Palot et al., 2016;Hallis et al., 2015). The potential
vo-lume of water within Earth's mantle ranges from1/4to4times its ocean water ( Hirsch-mann, 2006). This implies vast reserves of deep groundwater we just can't reach (for now),
