High Capacity and Optimized Image Steganography Technique based on Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

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International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 2 Issue 1, Mar-Apr 2019

Available at _{www.ijsred.com}

ISSN : 2581-7175 ©IJSRED: All Rights are Reserved Page 78

High Capacity and Optimized Image Steganography

Technique based on Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm

A. Priya

Alagappa University, Tamilnadu, India.

Abstract

The tremendous development of digital technology, it is mandatory to address the security while transmitting information over network in a way that observer couldn’t depict it. Measures to be taken to provide the security by establishing hidden communication using steganography principle which is help to camouflage the secret information in some carrier file such as text, image, audio and video. In this era of hidden data communication, image becoming an effective tool on account of their frequency, capability and accuracy. Image steganography uses an image as a carrier medium to hide the secret data. The main motive of this article is that the uses the combination of frequency domain and optimization method inorder to increasing in robustness. In this article, Integer Wavelet transform is performed into the host image and coefficients have been transformed. ACO optimization algorithm is used to find the optimal coefficients where to hide the data. Furthermore, sample images and information having been demonstrated which proved the increased robustness as well as high level of data embeddingcapacity.

Keywords: Security, Image, steganography, IWT, ACO (Ant Colony Optimization)

algorithm.

1. Introduction

Cryptographic techniques afford the confidentiality and security by reducing the prospect of adversaries [1]. There are two processes in cryptography such as: a) Encryption and b) Key management process. Each security system must supply some security process that guarantees the secrecy of the system [2]. Cryptography is grouped into Symmetric Key and Asymmetric Key Cryptography [3]. In Symmetric key cryptography, a single key is used for both encryption and decryption [4]. The Asymmetric Key Cryptography uses different keys for both processes [5]. In session key; the symmetric key can be changed every time in communication between two parties. It is randomly generated and valid for only one session [6-8]. If an attacker gets the session key, he/she can decrypt only the messages for a particular session.Ifbothpartiesalwaysusedthesamekeyforallsessions,theattackerwouldbeable

to decrypt all messages encrypted with this key [9-12]. The underlying mathematical problem of a public-key cryptosystem determines the efficiency of the cryptosystem in a way. Because these problems dictate the sizes of domain parameters and keys, which in turn affect the performance of the arithmetic operations of the public-key crypto algorithms [13-15].

Steganography is the art and science of secret communication between two parties over a public medium that is not detectable by an observer. Steganography is a close cousin of cryptography which is the art and science of secret communication. Cryptography aims to conceal the content of the message whereas steganography hides the very existence of secretive communication as well [17]. For example, figure 1 shows that two users want to sharing information between them. But noticer is examining that

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ISSN : 2581-7175 ©IJSRED: All Rights are Reserved Page 79 communication via Internet Service Provider or local server. To protect this communication, steganography provide a model in which sender A wish to send message M to receiver B. Sender embed M over the cover media C and obtained stego object S then sent it over the insecure channel. The terms cover object is defined as various types of multimedia objects are used to hide the data and stego object is known as which object embedded the secret information[18].

Effective characteristics of steganography [20];

1. Secrecy : With the allowing of intend users, extracting the hidden information[34-37]

2. Imperceptions: The ability to be completely undetectable [38-40] 3. Capacity: Maximum length of the hidden information which can be

embedded in cover object.

4. Accuracy: Extracting of the embedded data should beaccurate.

Steganography techniques are classified into two types which are spatial domain and frequency domain techniques. In spatial domain, processing is data hidden directly on the pixel values of the image and in frequency domain, image is transformed then data is hidden on the transformed coefficients [21]. Some of the spatial domain techniques are LSB, PVD, EBE, RPE, PMM and Pixel intensity based etc. and some of the frequency domain techniques are DCT, DWT, DFT, IWT and DCVT [22]. Specifically, spatial domain techniques are susceptible to visual attack and pixel alteration [23]. When comparing to spatial domain,

transform domain techniques are more robustness because of its hiding scheme in significant areas of cover images [24-28]. Integer wavelet transform (IWT) maps an integer data set into another integer data set . In discrete wavelet transform, the used wavelet filters have floating point coefficients so that when we hide data in their coefficients any truncations of the floating point values of the pixels that should be integers may cause the loss of the hidden information which may lead to the failure of the data hiding system[29].

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Section 4, prove the proposed method has increasing in robust and level of capacity by carried out the experiment on sample image and secret data. Finally, Section 5 concludes the article.

2. Related Work

Discrete Wavelet Transforms are used in JPEG2000 image format and several methods embed information using Integer Wavelet Transform Coefficients. Lai and Chang proposed an adaptive data hiding method in the frequency domain [30]. Seyyedi et al. in [22] proposed a high volume payload and secure steganography technique based on integer wavelet transform. Ghasemi et al. combined Genetic Algorithm (GA), OPAP and Integer Wavelet Transforms to reduce distortion while delivering high embedding capacity in[23].

N. Vinothkumar et al [24] have been suggested to embed the data over image on the basis of the combination IWT with Optimal pixel Adjustment Process (OPAP). The method use IWT to transform the coefficients on cover image and OPAP is used to raise the level of hiding capacity. Result shows that minimize difference error betwixt original and encoded image.

Ching-Sheng Hsu et al [25] have been proposed method to determined the optimal LSB substitution using ACO algorithm . This method embeds the data into the last bits of the cover image. Moreover, generate optimal matrix with the help of ACO algorithm to conceal the data at the optimal values.

Rafael Lima de Carvalho et al [26] have been used optimization principle to hide the secret message into the target picture. Optimization done by PSO algorithm and produce better result than classical GA basedmethod.

Amanjot Kaur et al [27] have been proposed algorithm which finding an optimal block on image may be the best position to hide the data. The fitness function to be taken where ratio is maximize of sum of contrast and energy and entropy and homogeneity. Results prove that this algorithm showing superiority than PSOalgorithm.

3. ProposedMethod

3.1 Overview

The proposed method is splitted into two subsequent parts such as using IWT for transforming coefficients and ACO to find the best values for embedding. In the first part of proposed method, input the color image as carrier and extracting three RGB color components [31]. Integer wavelet transform is applied on these components and results

showing transformed coefficients. Second part concerned the Ant Colony Optimization algorithm which inspired the behavior of ants. These ants deposited pheromone on the path to discover shortest best path from nest to food. More pheromone on path increases, that path followed by every other ants of the colony. Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm work on the basis of the similar mechanism and used in proposed method. The secret raw data has been converted into ASCII values and these can be embedding at the optimal coefficients by applying ACO algorithm. After all secret values were embedded; inverse IWT is processed to gain the stego object and ready to send it to receiver. At the recipient side, received it and extract the secret data from it by performing the reverse procedure of embedding method. With the neat sketch, the entire work of proposed method is described in the following figure.

3.2 Algorithm

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2

Extract RGB bands

8 _{Steganography} 6

7

4

ACO Algorithm

Embed at the optimal points Find the optimal

coefficient Embedded Image

Convert into ASCII Code

3

Transform Coefficients Apply IWT technique

1. Given input as color image and secretdata 2. Extract RGB components from colorimage

3. IWT technique is applied on the bands and makes transformation among the coefficients.

4. ACO algorithm is used to find the optimalpoints.

5. Data is converting into ASCII values. On each row at every location given by the ACO, embed values at those optimalpoints.

6. Finally, stego image is obtained by process the inverse IWTmethod.

Whereas the proposed extracting algorithm is explained below;

1. Receive the stegoimage

2. Data is extracting from the stego image by performing the reverse operation of embeddingmethod.

3. Obtained the secretdata.

3.3 Block Diagram

1

5

3.4 Ant Colony OptimizationAlgorithm

In computer science and engineering, algorithm is very important [41-105]. The ant colony

optimization algorithm (ACO) is a probabilistic technique for solving computational problems

which can be reduced to finding good paths through graphs [33]. The ACO algorithm is one

of the most competent methods that indicate the main aspects of state transition rules and

pheromone modernize devices [103-105]. In each iteration, colonies of ants are sent to a

particular place for solution. Each ant works steadily in their state transition rules [106-130]. Read the secret

data Read the Color

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ij

Suppose, if an ant completes a work, then the pheromone modernized begins to search

another ant with similar strength. But it significantly reduces the opportunities and changes

the search methodology.

Step 1:

Initialize the solution

H

i

Step 2:

Find the fitness value

(

F

i

)

F

i

=

PSNR

+

CC

Step 3:

Based on the fitness find Probability transition matrix

P c =

)

α

(

η

)

β

ij

∑

(

τ

)

α

₍

η

)

β

Step 4: Update pheromone and Evaporation pheromone S

τ

ij

=

(

1 −

ρ

)

∗

τij

+

∑

∆

τ

ij C =1

Step 6: Find the fitness for

if(Hnew

)

>

H

new from pheromone evaporation

f (Hi )

Step 7:

Store the best solution so far attained Iteration=Iteration+1

Step8:

Where,

Stop until optimal key attained ij

(

τ

_ij

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= pheromone evaporation rate

S = number of ants

ijc = is the quantity of pheromone laid on edge (i,j) by c-th ant

ijc= Q/Lc; if ant c used connection (i, j) in itstour

0 ; otherwise

4. Results andDiscussion

Our proposed approach has been validated by experimenting with variations of the images. The proposed system has been implemented in Visual Studio 2010, with .NET Framework Version 4.0 using the language of C# windows application. The experiment has been conducted several test images by taking RGB cover images of dimension 512x512. Table 1 shows the original images, secret data and stego images. From the above defined experimental results, we can observe that after secret data embedded, there is no visual difference from the original image. Hence, the existence of the embedded message will not be known to the unauthorized users.

Various performance metrics were also verified from the resultant image such as the Peak- Signal – Noise – Ratio, between the original image and this can further be proved from the Peak-Signal-to-Noise- Ratio (PSNR) between final images and originalimages.

TABLE I

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF THE PROPOSED TECHNIQUE

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ISSN : 2581-7175 ©IJSRED: All Rights are Reserved Page 86

5. PerformanceEvaluation

For comparing stego image with cover results requires a measure of image quality, commonly used measures Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio [12]. If SNR and PSNR represent smaller value, then it indicates there is a large between the original (without noise) and distorted image. The main advantage of this measure is ease of computation, but it does not reflect perceptual quality. An important property of PSNR is that a slight spatial shift of an image can cause a large numerical distortion but, there would be no visual distortion and conversely, a small average distortion can result in a damaging visual artifact, if all the error is concentrated in a small important region. The performance values the PSNR calculated from the output image is compared with the PSNR values provided in the existing techniques, in the following tables2.

TABLE II

COMPARISON BETWEEN EXISTING AND PROPOSED TECHNIQUE BASED ON PSNR

Cover

Image Size Proposed Algorithm Sailboat 256x256 65.6274

Goldhill 300x256 66.0808 Peppers 400x400 69.4901 Lena 512x512 71.6319

6. Conclusion

The proposed method is used to increase high capacity and optimized image steganography technique based on ant colony optimization algorithm. The ACO algorithm can find good solutions efficiently even though the search space is so large. Our experimental results show the proposed method provides acceptable image quality and secret message capacity. In future, some data encryption technique can be applied along with ABC to increase the security level. It may also be possible to optimize the fitness function of the current ABC algorithm. Algorithms like AFS and BFO can also be tried to view their performance with respect to the proposedmethod.

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[70] Abadi, S. Huda, M., Basiron, B, Ihwani, S.S., Jasmi, K.A., Hehsan, A., Safar, J., Mohamed, A.K., Embong, W.H.W., Mohamad, A.M., Noor, S.S.M., Novita, D., Maseleno, A., Irviani, R., Idris, M., Muslihudin, M., Implementation of Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process on Notebook Selection, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 2.26, 2018, pp. 102-108.

[71] Anggraeni, E.Y., Huda, M., Maseleno, A., Safar, J., Jasmi, K.A., Mohamed, A.K., Hehsan, A., Basiron, B., Ihwani, S.S., Embong, W.H.W., Mohamad, A.M., Noor, S.S.M., Fauzi, A.N., Wijaya, D.A., Poverty Level Grouping using SAW Method, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 2.27, 2018, pp. 218-224.

[72] Abadi, S., Huda, M., Jasmi, K.A., Noor, S.S.M., Safar, J., Mohamed, A.K., Embong, W.H.W., Mohamad, A.M., Hehsan, A., Basiron, B., Ihwani, S.S., Maseleno, A., Muslihudin, M., Satria, F., Irawan, D., Hartati, S., Determination of the Best Quail Eggs using Simple Additive Weighting, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 2.27, 2018, pp. 225-230.

[73] Abadi, S., Huda, M., Hehsan, A., Mohamad, A.M., Basiron, B., Ihwani, S.S., Jasmi, K.A., Safar, J., Mohamed, A.K., Embong, W.H.W., Noor, S.S.M., Brahmono, B., Maseleno, A., Fauzi, A.N., Aminudin, N., Gumanti, M., Design of Online Transaction Model on Traditional Industry in order to Increase Turnover and Benefits, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 2.27, 2018,pp. 231-237.

[74] Susilowati, T., Teh, K.S.M., Nasir, B.M., Don, A.G., Huda, M., Hensafitri, T., Maseleno, A., Oktafianto, Irawan, D., Learning Application of Lampung Language based on Multimedia Sofware, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 2.27, 2018, pp. 175-181.

[75] Abadi, S., Nasir, B.M., Huda, M., Ivanova, N.L., Sari, T.I., Maseleno, A., Satria, F., Muslihudin, M., Application model of k-means clustering: Insights into promotion strategy of vocational high school, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 2.27, 2018, pp. 182-187.

[76] Septiropa, Z., Osman, M.H., Rahman, A.B.A., Arifin, M.A.M., Huda, M., Maseleno, A., Profile of cold-formed steel for compression member design a basic combination,International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 2.27, 2018, pp. 284-290.

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Formula Milk for toddlers using Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making, Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Vol. 10, 02-Special Issue, 2018.

[78] Hamid, A., Sudrajat, A., Kawangit, R.M., Don, A.G., Huda, M., Jalal, B., Akbar, W., Onn, A., Maseleno, A., Determining basic food quality using SAW, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 3548-3555, 2018. [79] Oktafianto, Kawangit, A.S., Kawangit, R.M., Don, A.G., Huda, M., Saputri, A.D.,

Latif, A.A., Maseleno, A., Determining housing location using weighted product, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 3563-3568, 2018.

[80] Fauzi, Huda, M., Teh, K.S.M., Haron, Z., Ripin, M.N., Hehsan, A., Abas, H., Rafiq, M., Irawan, J., Abadi, S., Maseleno, A., The Design of Fuzzy Expert System

Implementation for Analyzing Transmissible Disease of Human, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 10, Issue 4, 2018.

[81] Abadi, S., Huda, M., Teh, K.S.M., Haron, Z., Ripin, M.N., Hehsan, A., Sarip, S., Hehsan, M.R., Amrullah, M., Maseleno, A., Hazard Level of Vehicle Smoke by Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making with Simple Additive Weighting Method,

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 10, Issue 4, 2018.

[82] Kamenez, N.V., Vaganova, O.I., Smirnova, Z.V., Bulayeva, M.N., Kuznetsova, E.A., Maseleno, A., Experience of the use of electronic training in the educational process of the Russian higher educational institution, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 4085-4089, 2018.

[83] Vaganova, O.I., Zanfir, L.N., Smirnova, Z.V., Chelnokova, E.A., Kaznacheeva, S.N., Maseleno, A., On the linguistic training of future teachers of unlike specialties under the conditions of Russian professional education, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 4090-4095, 2018.

[84] Vaganova, O.I., Kamenez, N.V., Sergeevna, V.I., Vovk, E.V., Smirnova, Z.V., Maseleno, A., Possibilities of information technologies to increase quality of educational services in Russia, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 4096-4102, 2018.

[85] Smirnova, Z.V., Zanfir, L.N., Vaganova, O.I., Bystrova, N.V., Frolova, N.V., Maseleno, A., WorldSkills as means of improving quality of pedagogical staff training, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 4103-4108, 2018.

[86] Aminin, S., Dacholfany, M.I., Mujib, A., Huda, M., Nasir, B.M., Maseleno, A., Sundari, E., Masrur, M., Design of library application system,International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 2.27, 2018, pp. 199-204.

[87] Aminudin, N., Huda, M., Kilani, A., Embong, W.H.W., Mohamed, A.M., Basiron, B., Ihwani, S.S., Noor, S.S.M., Jasmi, K.A., Higher education selection using simple additive weighting,International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 2.27, 2018, pp. 211-217.

[88] Aminudin, N., Huda, M., Hehsan, A., Ripin, M.N., Haron, Z., Junaidi, J., Irviani, R., Muslihudin, M., Hidaya, S., Maseleno, A., Gumanti, M., Fauzi, A.N., Application program learning based on Android for students experiences, International Journal of Engineering and Technology(UAE), Vol. 7, No. 2.27, 2018, pp. 194-198.

[89] Maseleno, A., Huda, M., Jasmi, K.A., Basiron, B., Mustari, I., Don, A.G., and Ahmad, R. Hau-Kashyap approach for student’s level of expertise. Egyptian Informatics Journal, 2018.

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(iJET),Vol. 13, No. 5, 2018, pp. 71-85.

[91] Maseleno, A., Tang, A.Y.C., Mahmoud, M.A., Othman, M., Shankar, K., Big Data and E-Learning in Education, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 171-174.

[92] Shankar, K., Lakshmanaprabu, S.K., Gupta, D., Maseleno, A., De Albuquerque, V.H.C., Optimal feature-basedmulti-kernel SVM approach for thyroid disease

classification, The Journal of Supercomputing, Springer, Vol. 74, no. 259, 2018, pp. 1-16.

[93] Amin, M.M., Sutrisman, A., Stiawan, D., Maseleno, A., Design Restful WebService of National Population Database for supporting E-health interoperability service, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, vol. 96, issue 15, 2018. [94] Surendar, A., Akhmetov, L.G., Ilyashenko, L.K., Maseleno, A., Samavatian, V.,

Effect of thermal cycle loadings on mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of a porous lead-free solder joint, IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology, 2018, pp. 1769-1776.

[95] Surendar, A., Samavatian, V., Maseleno, A., Ibatova, A.Z., Samavatian, M., Effect of solder layer thickness of thermo-mechanical reliability of a power electronic system, Journal of Material Science: Materials in Electronics, Springer, September 2018, Volume 29, Issue 17, pp. 15249-15258.

[96] Samavatian, M., Ilyashenko, L.K., Surendar, A., Maseleno, A., Samavatian, V., Effect of System Design on Fatigue Life of Solder Joints in BGA Packages Under Vibration at Random Frequencies, Journal of Electronic Materials, November 2018, Volume 47, Issue 11, pp. 6781-6790.

[97] Javanshir, I., Maseleno, A., Tasoujian, S., Oveisi, M., Optimization of suspension system of heavy off-road vehicle for stability enhancement using integrated anti-roll bar and coiling spring mechanism, Journal of Central South University, September 2018, Volume 25, Issue 9, pp 2289–2298.

[98] Surendar, A., Bozorgian, A., Maseleno, A., Ilyashenko, L.K., Najafi, M., Oxidation of Toxic Gases via Ge-B36N36 and Ge-C72 Nanocages as Potential Calaysts, Inorganic Chemistry Communications, Elsevier, Vol. 96, October 2018, pp. 206-210.

[99] Namdarian, A., Tabrizi, A.G., Maseleno, A., Mohammadi, A., Mossavifard, S.E., One step synthesis of rGO-Ni3S2 nano-cubes composite for high-performance

supercapacitor electrodes, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Elsevier, vol. 43, Issue 37, 13 September 2018, pp.17780-17787.

[100] Motlagh, A.H., Klyuev, S.V., Surendar, A., Ibatova, A.Z., Maseleno, A., Catalytic Gasification of Oil Sludge with Calcined Dolomite, Petroleum Science and Technology, Taylor and Francis, pp. 1-5, 2018.

[101] Elhoseny, M., Elleithy, K., Elminir, H., Yuan, X., & Riad, A. (2015). Dynamic clustering of heterogeneous wireless sensor networks using a genetic algorithm towards balancing energy exhaustion. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 6(8),1243-1252.

[102] Elhoseny, M., Yuan, X., Yu, Z., Mao, C., El-Minir, H. K., & Riad, A. M. (2015). Balancing energy consumption in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks using genetic algorithm. IEEE Communications Letters, 19(12),2194-2197.

[103] Fang, B., Guo, X., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Elhoseny, M., & Yuan, X. (2019). Collaborative task assignment of interconnected, affective robots towards autonomous healthcare assistant. Future Generation Computer Systems, 92,241-251.

[104] Sivaram, M., B. DurgaDevi, and J. Anne Steffi. "Steganography of two LSB bits." International

Journal of Communications and Engineering 1.1 (2012): 2231-2307.

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Mining Using Threshold Based Fuzzy Cmeans Clustering." ICTACT Journal on Soft

Computing 9, no. 1 (2018).

[106] Malathi, N., and M.Sivaram. "An Enhanced Scheme to Pinpoint Malicious Behavior of Nodes In Manet’s." (2015).

[107] Mohammed, Amin Salih, D. Yuvaraj, M. Sivaram, and V. Porkodi. "Detection And Removal Of Black Hole Attack In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Using Grp Protocol." International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science 10, no. 6 (2018).

[108] Sivaram, M., D. Yuvaraj, Amin Salih Mohammed, V. Porkodi, and V. Manikandan. "The Real Problem Through a Selection Making an Algorithm that Minimizes the Computational Complexity."

[109] Porkodi, V., M. Sivaram, Amin Salih Mohammed, and V. Manikandan. "Survey on White-Box

Attacks and Solutions." Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology 7, no. 3 (2018):

28-32.

[110] Sivaram, M. "Odd And Even Point Crossover Based Tabu Ga For Data Fusion In Information Retrieval." (2014).

[111] Dhivakar, B., S. V. Saravanan, M. Sivaram, and R. Abirama Krishnan. "Statistical Score

Calculation of Information Retrieval Systems using Data Fusion Technique." Computer Science

and Engineering 2, no. 5 (2012): 43-45.

[112] Punidha, R., avithra K, Swathika R, and Sivaram M, “ Preserving DDoS Attacks sing Node Blocking Algorithm.” International Journalof Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol.119, o. 15,

2018, pp 633-640. https://acadpubl.eu/hub/2018-119-15/3/473.pdf

[113] M, Sivaram, et al. “Securing the Sensor Networks Along With Secured Routing Protocols for Data Transfer in Wireless Sensor Networks.” Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research, vol. 5, no. 10, Oct. 2018, pp. 316–321., doi:http://doi.one/10.1729/Journal.18612. [114] Steffin Abraham , Tana Luciya Joji , Sivaram M, D.Yuvaraj, “Enhancing Vehicle Safety With

Drowsiness Detection Andcollision Avoidance” International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 118 No. 22 2018, 921-927. https://acadpubl.eu/hub/2018-118-22/articles/22b/39.pdf

[115] Mahalakshmi.K, Sivaram.M, Shantha Kumari.K, Yuvaraj.D, Keerthika.R, “Healthcare Visible Light Communication”, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 118 No. 11 2018, 345-348, https://acadpubl.eu/jsi/2018-118-10-11/articles/11/41.pdf.

[116] Punidha.R, Sivaram.M, “Integer Wavelet Transform Based Approach For High Robustness Of Audio Signal Transmission”, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 116 No. 23 2017, 295-304, https://acadpubl.eu/jsi/2017-116-23-24/articles/23/40.pdf

[117] Deepa.S, Sivaram.M, “Enabling Anonymous Endorsement In Clouds With Decentralized Access Control”, International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science (IJSEAS) - Volume-1, Issue-3, June 2015, 397-401.

[118] Sivaram.M, Obulatha.O, “ Position Privacy Using LocX”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. III,Issue 01,Pp 206-212.

[119] M. Sivaram, K. Batri, Amin Salih Mohammed and V. Porkodi, “Exploiting the Local Optima in Genetic Algorithm using Tabu Search”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 12(1), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2018/v12i1/139577, January 2019.

[120] Sivaram M, Batri K, “ Odd and Even Point Crossover Based Tabu GA for Data Fusion in InformationRetrieval”, http://hdl.handle.net/10603/38935,10-Apr-2015.

[121] Sivaram.M, Yuvaraj.D, Amin Salih Mohammed, Porkodi.V “Estimating the Secret Message in the Digital Image” International Journal of Computer Applications, 181(36):26-28, January 2019. [122] Mrs.V.Porkodi, Dr.D.Yuvaraj, Dr.Amin Salih Mohammed,V.Manikandan and M.Sivaram, “Prolong

the Network Lifespan of Wireless Sensor Network by Using Hpsm”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(01), 2019, pp.2039– 2045.http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&Type=01

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Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Pages: 1986-1991,14-Special Issue, Pages: 1986-1991,2018.

[124] Manikandan.V, Mohammed, A.S, Yuvaraj,D., Sivaram.M and Porkod.V, “An Energy Efficient EDM-RAEED Protocol for IoT Based Wireless Sensor Networks” Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Pages: 1992-2004,14-Special Issue,Pages: 1992-2004, 2018.

[125] Mohammed, A.S., Kareem, S.W., Al Azzawi, A.K., Sivaram, M. “Time series prediction using SRE-NAR and SRE-ADALINE”, Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Pages:1716-1726, 2018.

[126] Sivaram, M., Yuvaraj, D., Porkodi, V., Manikandan, V. “Emergent news event detection from facebook using clustering” Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Pages:1941-1947, 2018.

[127] Nithya, S., Sundara Vadivel, P., Yuvaraj, D., Sivaram, M. “Intelligent based IoT smart city on traffic control system using raspberry Pi and robust waste management”, Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Pages: 765-770, 2018.

[128] Viswanathan, M., Sivaram, M., Yuvaraj, D., Mohammed, A.S. “Security and privacy protection in cloud computing”, Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, Pages 1704-1710, 2018

[129] Batri, K., Sivaram, M. “Testing the impact of odd and even point crossover of genetic algorithm over the data fusion in information retrieval”, European Journal of Scientific Research, 2012.