DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS FOR EXTERNAL PHOTON RADIATION

(1)

901 82 Umeå Oktober 1979

DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS FOR EXTERNAL PHOTON RADIATION Leif Svensson

Summary

Dose conversion factors for radionuclides have been computed and tabulated for two situations: photon doses resulting from immersion in contaminated air, and exposure to a contaminated land surface. Computed dose conversion factors relates absorbed dose rate in human tissue to activity concentration. Tabulated dose conversion factors includes contributions from naturally occuring . idionuclides as well as manmade radionuclides: activation pro-

j:ts, fission products, actinides.

It pdragsnummer: 481 A3 85

Sändlista: SjvS, Cfs, SkyddS, SoS, SSI, Radiofysiska inst. Lund, Linköping, Stockholm, Göteborg och Umeå, Riksdagsbiblioteket, FOA 1, FOA 2.

(2)

Introduction Methods

Decay data

Dose conversion factor, cloud Dose conversion factor?, ground Organ correction factors

Discussion References

3 4 4 4 5 5 7 9

(3)

Man is continuously exposed to naturally occuring radionuclides.

In addition individuals may be irradiated as a consequence of planned or accidental releases of radionuclides. The distribution of absorbed dose in organs of individuals has two sources: inter- nal irradiation due to incorporated radionuclides or radionuclides entering the body via inhalation or ingestion, and irradiation from external sources. To assess absorbed dose received by an organ or organsystem of an individual it is convenient to make use of factors converting activity concentration to absorbed dose rate. These dose conversion factors are unique for each radionuclide. The motive for this paper is to present calculated dose conversion factors for individual radionuclides with reference to external gamma and X-ray irradiation. Two types of exposure are considered:

1. Immersion in contaminated air 2. Irradiation due to exposure to a

contaminated ground surface

The calculations have been performed for a number of nuclides including naturally occuring radionuclides as well as manmade radionuclides. In the latter category one will find radionuclides generated in nuclear power plants: activation products, fission products, and actinides.

(4)

DECAY DATA

Dose conversion factors presented in this paper are to a great extent based upon the gaiuna and X-ray data collected and tabulated by Erdtmann and Soyka (1974). This database has in some cases been completed with docay data from Nuclear data Sheets (Nuclear data group) and Tables of Isotopes (Lederer et al 1968).

In addition to photon energies and intensities for gamma transi- tions and characteristic X-ray emission assiciated with each nuclide, the database also contains physical half-lives and in- dications of eventual radioactive mothers and daughters.

Physical half-life and decay-constant for each nuclide have in this paper been noted in the table heads. The entry "mean photon energy" gives the sum of alt gamma and X-ray energies weighted with absolute decay intensities. Radioactive daughters in the first generation have been indicated in the table heads within I....I. Daughters with half-lives shorter than some seconds have, if not indicated, been added to the mother nuclide. Branching ratios are given as percentage of total number of decay events of the mother in those cases when branching occurs. For example mother nuclide 2 4 2A m has the following entry: /21*2Pu (16%)/,

/2i*2Cm (84%)/. This means that 100 decay events of the mother nuclide 21*2Am will on the average give rise to the daughter

21*2Pu in 16 cases and the daughter 2Lf2Cm in 84 cases. The nota- tion SF in the entry for radioactive daughters indicates sponta- neous fission.

It should be noted that nuclides with no appreciable gamma or X-ray emission are not included in the tables. Thus there is no entry for e.g. 1 3 7C s in the tables. Relevant data for the decay of 1 3 7C s is to be found under n 7B am.

(5)

This fictor relates absorbed dose in air to the time-integrated activity concentration at a point of interest. The contaminated cloud of photon emitters is assumed to satisfy the semi-infinite cloud approximation.

DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS, GROUND

These factors relates absorbed dose rate in air one meter above an infinite, plane surface to the activity concentration in the ground. Tabulated dose conversion factors are derived from the radiation field in air calculated by Beck and de Planque (1968).

These authors have tabulated exposure rates in air due tc an expo- nentially distributed source in the ground. The source is assumed to be distributed with depth in the soil according to the rela- tion:

S = S-exp(-z/6)

where S is the activity concentration at depth z, <?o is the surface activity concentration and 3 is a constant describing the exponential distribution. 8 is referred to as the relaxation length in the literature. 6 = 0 implies a plane source on the surface, while 8=°° is equivalent to a uniformly distributed source in the ground.

ORGAN CORRECTION FACTORS

These factors relates absorbed dose in a specified organ or organsystem of a standard man to absorbed dose in air. The factors given in this paper are arrived at after interpolation in data tabulated by O'Brian and Sanna (1976). Presented factors are valid for reference man according to ICRP Publication 23 (1974), in an isotropic radiation field.

The organ correction factor for ovaries drops very rapidly towards zero for photon energies below 100 keV. This factor is furthermore

(6)

very uncertain for low energy photons. Organ correction factors

for ovaries with a numerical value less than 0.00005 have for these

reasons been indicated with <0.00005 in this paper.

(7)

The radiation field in contaminated air is to a very good approximation isotropic. The absorbed dose recieved by a specified organ or organsystem as a result of immersion in contaminated air is therefore given by the sum:

D = EQ^xDFcloudixPi [rad]

where i denotes the i_th radionuclide,

Q-= time-integrated activity concentration [ci-s*m~3] DFcloud^ = dose conversion factor, cloud [rad/Ci-s•m~3]

Pi = organ correction factor for specified organ or organsystem.

The semi-infinite cloud model might over- or underestimate the absorbed dose in those cases when there exist steep gradients in the activity concentration in the vicinity of the exposed person.

An example that migh result in an underestimation of the absorbed dose due to immersion in contaminated air is when a person is standing on grnund level very near an elevated source under sta- ble meteorological conditions.

The radiation field one meter above a contaminated ground sur- face is approximately isotropic. The absorbed dose rate recieved by a specified organ or organsystem can thus be written as follows:

D = LAixDFground£xPi [rad/h]

i

where i denotes the ij^li radionuclide,

A^ = activity concentration on the ground [Ci/m2],[ci/m3] DFgroundi = dose conversion factor, ground [(rad/h)/(Ci/m2)],

[(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

)]

P^ = organ correction factor for specified organ or organsystem.

For airborne releases of shortlived radionuclides it is sufficient to use a dose conversion factor (ground) with relaxation length,

(8)

with half-lives longer than some years it is often recommended to use a dose conversion factor (ground) with B = 0.03 m. An example of this latter category is 1^7C s . For naturally occuring radionuclides it might be more appropriate to use a dose conversion factor (ground) with 6 = °°, that is the radionuclide is assumed to be uniformly distributed in the ground.

Tabulated dose conversion factors does not include any correction for protection from buildings etc.

This work was performed under a contract from the National Insti- tute of Radiation Protection (SSI).

(9)

Beck H., de Planque G. The radiation field in air due to distri- buted gamma ray sources in the ground. USAEC Report HASL-195,

(1968).

O'Brien K., Sanna R. The Distribution of absorbed dose-rates in humans from exposure to environmental gamma rays. Health Physics 30 (1976) 71.

Erdtmann G., Soyka W. Die y-Linien der Radiouuklide. Band 1.

Kernforschungsanlage Jiilich. Jul-1003-AC (1974).

ICRP Publication 23. Report of the Task Group on Reference Man.

International Commission on Radiological Protection (1974).

Lederer C M . , Hollander J.M. , Perlman I. Table of Isotopes.

J. Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1968).

Nuclear data group. Nuclear data Sheets. Oak Ridge National

Laboratory.

(10)

(11)

'Be Be

Half-life: 53.3 d

Decay-constant (s"

1

**): 1.51*10~**

7

Mean?hoton energy (MeV) : 0.0492

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci"S-m~

3

): 0.0113

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

) 0.827

0.720 0.483 0.391 0.330 0.178

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.0284

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ

correction

factor

0.500

0.526

0.565

0.589

0.552

0.884 0.7/6

0.649

0.597

(12)

12 Half-life: 20.4 m

Decay-constant (s"

1

): 5.66-10"

u

Me£.n photon energy (MeV) : 1.02

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci's-nT

3

): 0.234

(m) B

0. 0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

) 17.1

14.9 10.0 8.10 6.85 3.70

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.594

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ

correction

factor

0.504

0.529

0.568

0.592

0.556

0.889

0.781

0.658

0.601

(13)

13

Half-life: 9.97 m Decay-constant ( s "

1

) : 1 Mean phaton energy (MeV)

,16-10~

3

1.02 Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci«s-m~

³

): 0.234

B

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

oo

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/tO/CCi/m

2

) 17.1

14.9 10.0 8.10 b.85 3.70

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.595

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ

correction

factor

0.504

0.529

0.568

0.592

0.556

0.889

0.781

0.658

0.601

(14)

**Decay-constant (s~^): 5.64*^O"**

3

Mean photon energy (MeV) : 1.02

**Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s-m~**

3

): 0.234

3 (m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

Dose conversion factor, ground (:ad/h)/(Ci/m

2

) 17.1

14.9 10.0 8.11 6.86 3.71

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.595

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ

correction

factor

0.504

0.529

0.568

0.592

0.556

0.889

0.781

3.658

0.601

(15)

18p

Half-life: 1.83 h

Decay-constant (s"

1

): 1.05-10"

1

* Mean photon energy (MeV): 0.988

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci>s-m~

3

):0.227

Dose conversion 0 factor, ground

(m) (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

) Organ

Organ correction factor 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

3D

16.6 14.5 9.69 7.85 S.64 3.59

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.576

GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

0.504

0.529

0.568

0.592

0.556

0.889

0.781

0.658

0.601

(16)

Half-life: 2.60 a

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 8.45-10~y

Mean photon energy (MeV) : 2.07

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci'S-m~3): 0.475

Na

0

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m2) 32.9

28.7 19.2 15.6 13.5 7.30

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.26

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone »narrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ correction factor 0.545 0.570

0 . 6 0 H

0.572 0.596 0.920 0.805 0.762 0.640

Half-life: 15.0 h

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 1.28-10"5

Mean photon energy (MeV): 4.12

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m"3): 0.945

3

(m)

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

47.3 31.1 25.5 23.5 12.6

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 2.57

Red bone marrow Skin

Organ correction factor 0.635 0.661 0.685 0.590 0.685 0.985 0.880 0.776 0.722

(17)

2 8M g

Half-life: 21.3 h

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 9.O4-1O""6

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m~3): 0.317 /Z 8A 1 /

Mg

B

(in) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

C O

18.4 12.2 9.96 8.72 4.72

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.844

(18)

2 8A 1

Half-life: 2.31 m

Decay-constant (s~*): 5.00>10~3

Mean photon energy (MeV) : 1. 78

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s-m~^): 0.408

Al

B

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

eo

21.8 14.4 11.8 10.6 5.74

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.12

Or gan correction factor 0.616 0.646 0.671 0.591 0.665 0.974 0.855 0.743 0.706

(19)

Ar

Half-life: 1.83 h

Decay-constant (s"

1

): 1.05-10"

1

* Mean photon energy (MeV): 1.28

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m""^): 0.294

Dose conversion 3 factor, ground

(m) (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

) Organ

Organ correction factor 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

)

GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

0.580

0.605

0.634

0.556

0.630

0.947

0.826

0.844

0.672

(20)

20 Half-life: 1.28-10

9

a

Decay-constant (s"

1

): 1.72-10"

17

Meanptioton energy (MeV) : 0.156

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci'S'nf

3

):0.0358

B

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

) 2.30

2.01 1.33 1.09 0.967 0.525

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.0982

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ correction factor

0.596 0.625 0.652 0.579 0.645 0.960 0.836 0.764 0.688

"•2,

Half-life: 12.4 h

Decay-constant (s"

1

): 1.56-10"

5

Moan photon energy (MeV): 0.276

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nT

3

): 0.0632

Dose conversion 3 factor, ground

(m) (rad/h)/(Ci./m

2

) Organ

Organ correction factor 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

4.03 3.52 2.33 1.90 1.70 0.920

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.173

GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

0.600

0.629

0.656

0.582

0.649

0.963

0.840

0.758

0.691

(21)

K

Half-life:22.0 h

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*S'ni~^): 0.207

B

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m2)

15.1 13.1 8.81 7.13 6.04 3.26

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.524

(22)

Ca

Half-life: 163 d

Meaa photon energy (MeV): 2.1-10"7

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci•s-nf3): 4.8"10~®

Dose conversion 3 factor, ground

(m) (rad/h)/(Ci/ir2) Organ

Organ correction factor 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

so

0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0000

GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

0.0007 0.0011 0.0022

<0.00005 0.0089 0.347 0.0518 0.0111 0.0253

Half-life:4.54 d

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci •s-m"-'): 0.245 /-7Sc/

On)

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

14.2 9.46 7.71 6.77 3.68

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.667

Orgar, correction factor 0.575 0.600 0.630 0.557 0.626 0.943 0.823 0.836 0.668

(23)

4 y

Ca

H a l f - l i f e : 8.70 m

Decay-constant (s"

1

): 1.33*1O~

3

Mean photon energy (MeV): 3.16

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m"'): 0.724

Ca

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

) 37.0

32.0 20.9 17.2 16.6 8.67

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 1.95

Organ Gl-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ

correction

factor

0.673

0.695

0.715

0.603

0.722

1.01

0.924

0.765

0.754

(24)

"6 Se

Half-life: 83.9 d

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m~3): 0.461

Sc

0

(tn) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

27.7 18.5 15.0 13.0 7.11

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.25

Organ GI-tract Live' Lungs Ovaries

Organ correction factor 0.557 0.581 0.613 i .550 J.608 0.929 0.809 0.845 0.651

H a l f - l i f e : 3.40 d

Decay-constant ( s

- 1

) : 2.36-10

6

Meanphotisn energy (MeV): 0.112

Dose conversion f a c t o r , cloud (rad/Ci-s-m~

3

): 0.0256

B

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

1.44 0.971 0.778 0.677 0.338

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0525

(25)

Half-life: 57.5 m

Decay-constant ( s

- 1

) : 2.01-lO"

4

Mean photon energy (MeV) : 0.000534

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s«m~

3

): 0.000122

Sc

Dose conversion 3 factor, ground

(m) (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

) Organ

Organ correction factor 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

0.0075 0.0065 0.0043 0.0035 0.0032 0.0017

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.0003

GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

0.616 C <46

0.o71

0.591

0.665

0.974

0.855

0.743

0.706

(26)

26 Cr

Half-life: 27.8 d

Decay-constant (s~*): 2.89-10"

7

Mean photon energy (MeV): 0.0314

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m"^): 0.00719

B

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

)

0.522 0.451 0.304 0.245 0.207 0.110

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.0171

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testas Thyroid Total body

Organ

correction

factor

0.486

0.511

0.547

0.543

0.533

0.857

0.745

0.626

0.578

(27)

5 2Mn

Half-life: 5.60 d

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 1.43*10"

Heaa photon energy (MeV) : 3.39

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nT3): 0.778

Mn

v-6

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/ra2)

52.°

46.3 30.3 25.1 21.8 11.9

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 2.09

52M nm

Half-life: 21.3 m

Decay-constant ( s ~l) : 5.42-10"4

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nf3): 0.558 /5 2Mn {21)1

(m)

Dose conversion fr.ctor, ground

(rad/h)/(Ci/m2) Organ

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

38.0 33.2 22.1 18.0 15.6 8.46

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.48

0.557 0.585 0.617 0.584 0.607 0.930 0.813 0.722 0.651

(28)

Mn

Half-life: 312.5 d

Decay-constant (s~l) : 2.57'10~8

Meanpnoton energy (MeV) : 0.835

8

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

13.5 11.8 7.90 6.42 5.51 3.01

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.511

Organ correccion factor 0.540 0.564 0.597 0.552 0.591 0.916 0.798 0.824 0.635

5 6M n

Half-life: 2.58 h

Decay-constant ( s ~l) : 7.47-1O"5

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m"3): 0.409

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

23.1 15.3 12.5 11.1 5.99

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.11

Organ GI-tract

Liver

Lungs Ovaries

(29)

52Fe

Fe

Half-life: 8.30 h

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m~3): 0.175 /5 2M nm/

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CD

10.9 7.30 5.90 5.02 2.67

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.426

59

Fe

Half-life:44.6 d

Decay-constant (s"1) : 1.80*10~7

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci»s-m~3):0.273

3

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

DO

18.3 16.0 10.6 8.67 7.59 4.14

(rad/h)/(Ci/ra3) 0.743

(30)

56

Co

H a l f - l i f e : 7 7 . 3 d

Decay-constant (s"

1

):1.04-10"

7

Mean photon energy (MeV):3.64

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci«s>m~^): 0.835

Co

Dose conversion 3 factor, ground

(m) (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

) Organ

Organ correction factor 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

53.1 46.3 30.7 25.0 22.3 12.0

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 2.25

GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

0.592 0.615 0.643 0.569 0.641 0.952 0.843 0.794 0.681

57

Co

Half-life: 270 d

Decay-constant (s"

1

): 2.97-10~

S

Mean photon energy (MeV) : 0.121

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*S'm~^): 0.0278

3 (ra) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/ra

2

) 1.74

1.46 0.985 0.787 0.698 0.339

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.0534

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ

correction

factor

0.557

0.572

0.606

0.457

0.568

0.836

0.712

0.656

0.611

(31)

5 8C o

Half-life: 71.3 d

Decay-constant ( s "

1

) : 1.13-10"

7

Mean photon energy (MeV): 0.974

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci'S«m~

³

): 0.223

CO

Dose conversion 0 factor, ground

(m) (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

) Organ

Organ correction factor 0.

0.

0. 001 01 02 03 1

15.9 13.9 9.29 7.54 6.45 3.52

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.591

GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Tes'ies Thyroid Total body

0.533 0.557 0.592 0.559 0.585 0.911 0.794 0.792 0.628

Half-life: 5.26 a

Decay-constant (s"

¹

):4.18-10"

⁹

Mean photon energy (MeV): 2.50

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci's-nT

³

):0.574

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

)

38.1 33.3 22.1 18.0 15.8 8.63

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 1.57

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ

correction

factor

0.577

0.602

0.631

0.555

0.627

0.945

0.824

0.845

0.670

(32)

Half-life:2.54 h

Decay-constant (s"1):7.5. • 10~5

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s«m~^): 0.135

3

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

7.72 5.12 4.17 3.68 2.00

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.368

Organ GI-tract

Liver

Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow

Skin

(33)

6 2C u

Half-life: 9.73 m

Cu

3

(in)

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

14.7 9.89 8.01 6.77 3.66

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.589

6 4 Cu

Half-lxfe: 12.8 h

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci•s-m"3): 0.0451

B

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

Dose conversion factor, ground

(rad/h)/(Ci/m2) 3.27

2.85 1.91 1.55 1.31 0.709

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.114

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ correction factor 0.504 0.529 0.567 0.588 0.555 0.887 0.778 0.660 0.600

(34)

34

6 7Cu

Half-life:58.5 h

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 3.29-1O"6

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s-m~^): 0.024b

Cu

6

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/rr2)

1.63 1.38 0.934 0.749 0.652 0.326

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0508

Testos Thyroid Total body

(35)

6 2Z n

Half-life: 9.30 h

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 2.07*10~5

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m"3): 0.0938 /6 2C u /

Zn

3

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

5.90 3.96 3.20 2.72 1.46

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.237

Zn

Half-life: 243 d

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 3.29•10~8

Meanplioton energy (MeV) : 0.574

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci•s-m"3):0.132

3

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CD

8.91 7.79 5.18 4.22 3.68 2.CO

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.356

(36)

Zn

Half-life: 55.6 m

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 2.08" 10"1* Mean photon energy (MeV): 0.000007

3

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CD

0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0000

Half-life: 13.8 h

Decay-constant ( s ~l) : 1.40-10"5

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nT3): 0.101 /6 9Z n /

6

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

CO

7.38 6.42 4.31 3.49 2.94 1.58

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.251

Organ correction factor 0.496 0.522 0.561 0.583 0.54 7 0.879 0.770 0.640 0.593

(37)

71

Zn Zn H a l f - l i f e : 2.40 m

Decay-constant (s"**) : 4.81^10~3

6 (m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

oo

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/tn2)

2.26 1.97 1.32 1.07 0.915 0.495

(rad/h)/(Ci/ra3) 0.0823

Testcs Thyroid Total body

71

Znm

Half-life: 3.92 h

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 4.91-10~5

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m""3): 0.0360

(m)

Dose conversion factor, ground

Organ correction factor

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

JO

26.0 22.7 15-2 12.3 10.5 5.65

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.919

0.512 0.538 0.575 0.581 0.563 0.893 0.783 0.683 0.608

(38)

'-••Zn

Half-life: 46.5 h

Decay-constant (s~*0 : 4.14-10~6

Mean photon energy (MeV) : 0.151 Dose conversion factor, cloud ( /7 2G a /

Zn

0.0345

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

2.23 1.89 1.27 1.02 0.893 0.441

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0689

Tes tes Thyroid Total body

Organ correction factor

0.500 0.522 0.555 0.430 0.533 0.819 0.692 0.655 0.574

(39)

Ga

Half-life: 9.40 h

Decay-constant ( s ~!) : 2.O5-1O"5

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci : 0.556

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

29.2 19.3 15.8 14.3 7.61

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.48

'Ga

Half-life: 78.1 h

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s-m~*): 0.0328

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

DO

1.89 1.27 1.02 0.885 0.450

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0706

(40)

b 8G a

Half-life: 68.3 m

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 1.69-10~u

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci•s-nT3): 0.215

Ga

3

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

13.7 9.18 7.43 6.29 3.40

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.549

7 2Ca

Half-life: 14.1 h

Mean photon energy (McV): 2.83

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci's-uT3): 0.648

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

36.1 23.9 19.5 17.4 9.37

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.75

Red bona marrow Skin

(41)

73Ga

Ga

Half-life: 4.80 h

3 (ra)

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

6.11 5.29 3.56 2.87 2.44 1.29

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.203

4 Ga

Half-life: 8.25 m

Mean photonenergy (MeV):3.l4

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nT³):0.720

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

44.6 38.8 25.7 21.0 18.8 10.1

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.94

Organ GI-tract

Liver

Lungs Ovaries

(42)

Half-life: 82.2 m

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 1.41-10"1* Mean photon energy (MeV): 0.0363 Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci

Ge

0.00832

3

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

0.594 0.512 0.345 0.278 0.236 0.123

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0191

0.476 0.500 0.530 0.474 0.518 0.834 0.713 0.661 0.565

77Ge

Half-life: 13.0 h

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s-m"3): 0.233 /7 7A s /

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

Dose conversion faccor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m2)

16.3 14.2 9.48 7.68 6.60 3.53

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.589

Organ GI-tract

Liver

Lungs Ovaries

(43)

H a l f - l i f e : 8 8 . 0 m

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 1.31 • 10"1* Mean photon energy (MeV): 0.278

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m"^): 0.0637 /7 8A s /

(m)

0 . 0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0 . 1

CO

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m²) 4.57

3.94 2.66 2.14 1.82 0.951

(rad/lO/CCi/m

3

)

0.147

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Organ correction

f a c t o r

0.474

0.498

0.527

0.472

0.515

0.833

0.712

0.661

0.563

(44)

As

Half-life: 76.0 d

0

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CD

Doje conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m2) 0.0584

0.0473 0.0319 0.0252 0.0245 0.0106

(rad/h)/(Ci/m³) 0.0018

0.405 0.452 0.534 0.344 0.555 0.792 0.651 0.622 0.530

711 As

Half-life: 17.7 d

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s-m~3): 0.174

(m)

e

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

ll.I 7.41 6.01 5.09 2.76

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.448

Organ Cl-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

(45)

3

(m)

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

CO

7.55

6.59 4.40 3.58 3.07 1.66

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.282

Organ Gl-tract

Liver

Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow

Skin

77

As

Half-life: 38.8 h

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci'S- /7 7S em( 0 . 1 1 % ) /

iT3): 0 . 0 0 2 0 8

(ra)

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

CO

.127 0.0856 0.0690 0.0588 0.0308

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0048

Organ Gl-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

(46)

7 8As

Half-life: 91.0 ra

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 1.27•10~u

Mean photon energy (MeV) : l. 05

As

B

(m)

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/n)/(Ci/m2)

15.9 13.9 9.23 7.52 6.59 3.57

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.644

Organ GI-tract LLv^r L m g s Ovaries

7 9A s

Half-life: 9.00 m

Decay-constant (s~l):l .28* 10"3

Mean photon energy (MeV): 0.02 73

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s-n /7 9S em/

T3) : 0.00625

Dose conversion 3 factor, ground

(m) (rad/h)/(Ci/m2) Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bons marrow Skin

Organ correction factor 0.530 0.553 0.592 0.525 0.574 0.877 0.760 0.708 0.614 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

0.422 0.-53 0.244 0.197 0.171 0.0888

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0145

(47)

Decay-constant (s~*): 2.67*10-5 Mean photon energy (MeV): 1.06

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci•s-m~3): 0.243 /7 3A s /

3

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

15.2 10.2 8.25 7.00 3.74

(rad/h)/(Ci/ra3) 0.597

5 Se

Half-life: 120 d

Decay-constant ( s "1) * 6.69-10~8

Mean photon energy (MeV): 0. 388

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nf3): 0.0890

Dose conversion (5 factor, ground

(m) (rad/h)/(Ci/m2) Organ

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

DO

6.13 5.25 3.54 2.84 2.44 1.26

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.196

0.491 0.513 0.544 0.473 0.525 0.831 0.709 0.649 0.571

(48)

Half-life: 18.1 s

Mean pholon energy (MeV): 0.0840

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nf"3): 0.0193

Se

B

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

CD

1.09 0.733 0.588 0.511 0.255

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0397

Organ

"orrection factor 0.495 0.517 0.549 0.435 0.529 0.820 0.695 0.662 0.572

Half-life: 3.90 m

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nT3): 0.00219 /7 9S e /

Dose conversion (3 factor, ground (in) (rad/h)/(Ci/m2)

Organ Organ

Tes tes Thyroid

Total body

correction factor 0.554 0.5 74 0.620 0.443 0.586 0.837 0.712 0.656 0.615 0. 0.128

0.001 0 107 0.01 0.0721 0.02 0.0575 0.03 0.0521 0.1 0.0245

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

)

«> 0.0039

(49)

8 1Se

Half-life: 18.6 tn

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 6.21 • 10"1* Mean photon energy (MeV): 0.00654

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci»s>m~3):0.00150

Se

0 (ra)

0.

0.001 0.01

0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

0.108 0.0936 0.0628 0.0508 0.0432 0.0231

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0037

8 1Se

m

Half-life: 57.0 m

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 2.03" 10""'*

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*S'm~^): 0.00195 /8 1S e /

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

•33

Dor.e conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/ra2)

0.117 0 0980 (..0662 0.0528 0.0474 0.0226

(rad/h)/(Ci/in3) 0.0036

Organ correction factor 0.558 0.576 0.618 0.451 0.582 0.839 0.715 0.659 0.bl7

(50)

" S e

Half-life: 22.6 m

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 5. n-10"1* Mean photon energy (MeV): 2.47

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-sTiT3):0.566 /8 3B r /

Se

Dose conversion 3 factor, ground

(tn) (rad/h)/(Ci/m2) Organ

Organ correction factor

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

37.8 32.9 21.9 17.8 15.6 8.41

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.50

GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

0.563 0.590 0.620 0.570 0.613 0.931 0.816 0.750 0.656

B HS e

Half-life: 3.30 m

Decay-constant ( s ~l) : 3.5O-1O"3

Mean photon energy (MeV): 0.408

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*S'm~3): 0.0934

/ ⁸ V/

Dose conversion 0 factor, ground

(m) (rad/h)/(Ci/m2) Organ

GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

0.493 0.519 0.557 0.576 0.543 0.874 0.765 0.634 0.589 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

.85 )5 U0 23 2.73 1.46

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.231

(51)

76 B r

Half-life:15.9 h

Decay-constant (s"1):1.21•10~5

Meanphoton energy (MeV):2.45

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s-m~'):

Br

0.562

3

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

36.1 31.4 20.9 17.0 15.1 8.09

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.49

Tes tes Thyroid Total body

77Br

Half-life: 56.0 h

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 3.44-1O"6

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*S'in~3) : 0.0608 /7 7S em (2.1%)/

(m)

Dose conversion factor, ground

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

4.40 3.83 .57 2.08 1.77 0.950

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.154

CI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Tes tus Thyroid Total body

0.506 0.532 0.568 0.567 0.557 0.885 0.773 0.686 0.602

(52)

80

Br Br

Half-life: 17.6 m

Decay-constant ( s "

1

) : 6.56' lO"*

1

Mean nhoton energy (MeV): 0.0812

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s»m~

3

): 0.0186

3 (m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

)

1.35 1.18 0.791 0.641 0.544 0.295

(rad/h)/(Ci/ra

3

) 0.0481

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ correction factor 0.513 0.539 0.576 0.592 0.565 0.898 0.789 0.685 0.610

80

B r

m

Half-life: 4.40 h

Decay-constant ( s "

1

) : 4.38-1O"

5

Mean photon energy (MeV): 0.0149

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci

#

s-m~

3

): 0.00343 /

8 0

B r /

e m)

0. 0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0 1

oo

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m

2

) 0.140

0 i 11 0.0744 0.0587 0.0480 0.0243

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

) 0.0044

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Testes Thyroid Total body

Organ

correction

factor

0.101

0.122

0.162 0.0112

0.228

0.660

0.376

0.263

0.272

(53)

8 2B r

Half-life: 35.4 h

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Gi^s-m"3): 0.612

Br

0 (m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

Di-se conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/ra2)

42./

37.4 24.9 20.3 17.4 9.49

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.63

Organ GI-tract

Liver

Lungs Ovaries

Testes

Thyroid

Total body

82

Br"

Half-life: 6.10 m

Decay-constant (s"*): 1.89-10"3

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nT3): 0.000169 /e ?Br (997)/

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.C3

0.1

oo

o 0096 0.0064 0.0052 0.00'.6 0.0024

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 0.0004

Organ

CI-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

Testes

Thyroid

Total body

(54)

Br Br

Half-life: 2.40 h

Decay-constant ( s ~!) : 8.02-10 5

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nT3): 0.00184 /8 3K rm/

B

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

CO

0.134 0.117 0.0785 0.0635 0.05 38 0.0291

(rad/h)/(Ci./m³) 0.0047

Organ correction factor 0.506 0.532 0.5 70 0.593 0.558 0.891 0.783 0.664 0.603

8 '4 Br

Half-life: 31.8 m

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 3.63-10~'+

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nf3): 0.405

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CO

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/ra2) 24.0

; i.9 ii.8 11.3 10.3 5.49

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3) 1.09

(55)

" B r

Half-life: 3.00 m

Mean photon energy (MeV): 0647

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci»s»m~^):0.0148 /8 5K rm/

Br

0

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/n2)

1.05 0.916 0.612 0.497 0.427 0.233

(rad/h)/(Ci/ra3) 0.0396

Organ Gl'-tract Liver Lungs Ovaries

(56)

Kr

Half-life: 1.90 h

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 1.01-l0~k

Mean photon energy (MeV) : O.0OO76O

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-nT3): 0.000174

(m) e

0. 0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

oo

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m2)

-

- - - - -

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3)

Organ GI-tract Liver Lungs

Ovaries

Red bone marrow

Skin

Testes Thyroio Total body

0.0013 0.0017 0.0026

<0.00005 0.0068 0.300 0.0362 0.0083 0.0L74

8 5K r

Half-life: 10.7 a

Decay-constant ( s "1) : 2.05-10~9

Mean phot on energy (MeV): 0.00221

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s-m~3): 0.000507

B

(ra)

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

Dos'i conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m2)

-

- - - - -

(rad/h)/(Ci/ra3)

Organ CI-tract

Liver

Lungs Ovaries

Tp.stes Thyroid Total body

Organ correction factor

0.504 0.530 0.568 0.592 0.556 0.889 0.781 0.659 0.601

(57)

Kr

Half-life: 4.40 h

Decay-conytant ( s "1) : 4.38-10"5

Mean photon energy (MeV) : 0.157

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci-s-m"3): 0.0360 /8 5K r (23%)/

(m) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.1

CXI

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m2)

- - - - -

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3)

Organ correction factor 0.491 0.513 0.545 0.445 0.526 0.823 0.698 0.657 0.570

87 Kr

H a l f - l i f e : 76.4 m

Decay-constant ( s "

¹

) : 1.51 M e a n photon energy ( M e V ) : 0.776

n~3>

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s-m"^): 0.178 /

^{8 7}

Rb/

6 (ra) 0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

Dose conversion factor, ground (rad/h)/(Ci/m2)

_ - - - - -

Organ

Organ correction

factor

(rad/h)/(Ci/m

3

)

0.594 0.620 0.648 0.587 0.643 0.953 0.845 0. 726 0.683

(58)

H a l f - l i f e : 2.80 h

D e c a y - c o n s t a n t ( s "1) : 6.88-10 5

M e a n p h o t o n energy ( M e V ) : 2.04

D o s e c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r , cloud (rad/Ci-s-irT3) : 0.469 /8 8R b /

(m) e

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

CO

_ - - - - -

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3)

Organ GI-tract

Liver Lungs Ovaries

Red bone marrow Skin

Organ correct i on factor 0.6.1!

0.64'.' 0 .6 7 5 O.bi-,7 0.669 0.974 0. K 6 1 0.743

0 . 7ii-j

89

Kr

Half-life: 3.18 m

Decay-constant ( s ~l) : 3.63-10~3

Mean photon energy (MeV): 2.11

Dose conversion factor, cloud (rad/Ci*s-m~3): 0.483 /8 9R b /

(m) e

0.

0.001 0.01 0.02 0.03

0.1

CO

_ - - - - -

(rad/h)/(Ci/m3)

Red bone narrow Skin

Organ correct, i on factor

O.h:./i, 0 .fi.' ',

0 . (> >\

0.37/

0.() »8 0.0')h 0 . '/h<)