Chapter 18- Foreign Policy (FP)

(1)

Chapter 18- Foreign Policy

(FP)

• (1). Outline history of(1). Outline history of US Foreign Policy (FP) US Foreign Policy (FP)fromfrom isolationism isolationism thru thru Cold WarCold War toto post- post-Cold War

Cold War era era..

• (2). Define the following key (2). Define the following key FPFP terms: terms: Monroe Doctrine, globalism, containment Monroe Doctrine, globalism, containment Truman Doctrine, NATO, 3rd World, détente, enlargement

Truman Doctrine, NATO, 3rd World, détente, enlargement,, and and neo- neo-isolationism

isolationism. .

• (3). Define(3). Definenational interestnational interest;; contrast decision making for contrast decision making for FPFP w/that for w/that fordomestic domestic policypolicy..

• (4). Discuss the(4). Discuss theenumerated & enumerated & implied powersimplied powers set by the set by the ConstitutionConstitution for making for making FP.FP.

• (5). Examine the (5). Examine the inherent advantageinherent advantage of the of the President President in making in making foreign policyforeign policy..

• (6). Outline the role of the(6). Outline the role of the White House, the Bureaucracy, the CongressWhite House, the Bureaucracy, the Congress, , and and the the PublicPublic in shaping American

in shaping American foreign policy. foreign policy.

• (7). Discuss the(7). Discuss theUS National SecurityUS National Security structure and keystructure and key DOD DOD organizationsorganizations& leaders& leaders..

• (8). Discuss Foreign Policy challenges facing the U.S. in the Post-Cold War era.(8). Discuss Foreign Policy challenges facing the U.S. in the Post-Cold War era.

• (9). Assess the future direction of(9). Assess the future direction ofUS National Security PolicyUS National Security Policy andand Military StrategyMilitary Strategy,, required military

required military Force Levels, Mission Creep, Multi-nationalism, WMDForce Levels, Mission Creep, Multi-nationalism, WMD, , andand BMDBMD..

• (10). Discuss current foreign policy issues and their political impact on the U.S.(10). Discuss current foreign policy issues and their political impact on the U.S. -

- War on Terrorism; - War with Iraq;War on Terrorism; - War with Iraq; - North Korea; - Arab-Israeli conflict - North Korea; - Arab-Israeli conflict - Domestic economic slump; - the uncertain future;

(2)

2

1798-1941 The Isolationist Era

1942-1945 World War II

(start of “

Globalism

”)

1990-present

Post-Cold War

1946-1989

The Cold War

US Foreign Policy

(FP)

A

Brief History

New category after 9/11/2001

(3)

Brief History of U.S. Foreign Policy

•

Isolationism

*

A foreign policy built on the principle of avoiding formal military and political alliances with other countries.

•

The

Isolationist Era

– 1st 150 yrs of US History

• Adherence to guidance of Washington’s Farwell address

• Stressed avoiding political connections overseas • Pursue commercial trade ties only

– US militarily weak & focused on expansion westward

– Not interested in global role (2 oceans of separation)

•

What

FP Doctrine*

asserted US interests for the first time

outside America, primarily throughout Western

(4)

4

The Monroe Doctrine

A

basic principle of U.S. foreign policy

that

dates back to a

warning

President James Monroe

issued in 1823 that the

United States would resist

(5)

Monroe Doctrine

(1823)

•

Invoked 1895: early Invoked 1895: early FPFP involvement outside US involvement outside US

– Aim_Aim: Protect US interest in : Protect US interest in Western HemisphereWestern Hemisphere

•

US involvement overseas primarily in US involvement overseas primarily in LATAMLATAM

(6)

6

World War I

•

US deviated from

Isolationism

briefly during

WWI

WW1 (W. Wilson)=> make world “safe for democracy”

_{After WW1=>}_isolationism_{returns w/vengeance}

 Senate rejects League of Nations & Versailles treaty

(7)

World War II

(8)

8

“

Air Raid Pearl Harbor”

7 December 1941

Impact on American Public Opinion?

(9)

Globalism Era

=>

The

Cold War

•

Globalism

:

–

US should be prepared to use military force around the

globe to protect its political & economic interests

•

Following WWII =>

who emerges as primary

thereat to US political & military interest?

•

Presidential doctrine formulated as a result?

•

Truman Doctrine

:

–

US would actively oppose communists’ attempts to

overthrow or conquer non-communist nations

•

US Foreign Policy that emerged from the

Truman

Doctrine

(10)

10

Containment

A bedrock principle of

U.S. foreign policy

from

mid 1940s to early 1990s that emphasized the need

to

contain any further Soviet territorial &

communist ideological expansion

.

What was the

economic

instrument of

Containment?

Marshall Plan:

US commitment to rebuild Europe

(11)

(12)

12

NATO

Cold War

Military Alliances

(13)

Cold War

Heats Up

•

As Soviets become more aggressive

–

US becomes more concerned

•

Conduct major

National Security

reassessment

–

NSC-68

:

National Security Strategy

for

Containment

•

Concludes a major increase in Concludes a major increase in defense spendingdefense spending required required

•

Truman administration balks at high price tag

–

So

NSC-68

filed in bottom drawer of someone’s safe

(14)

14

Korean War

(15)

US versus USSR-

The Indirect Approach

•

Competition at margins=>Competition at margins=> the the 3rd World3rd World

– US primary US primary Foreign PolicyForeign Policy goal: goal:

•

Prevent potential “Prevent potential “falling dominoes” falling dominoes”

•

Major test of this goal: Major test of this goal: Vietnam War:Vietnam War:

– US US ((IkeIke)) supports French in supports French in SE AsiaSE Asia

– AimAim: : Contain Soviet expansion in Contain Soviet expansion in SEASEA

•

US view of most US view of most global crisesglobal crises & conflicts? & conflicts?

•

Soviet/communist

inspired:

– USSRUSSR => => ChinaChina => => North VietnamNorth Vietnam => =>

South Vietnam’s guerilla insurgents South Vietnam’s guerilla insurgents

(16)

16

Counter Insurgency (CI)

•

JFK

sends

Special Forces

&

SEAL

advisors to conduct CI

(17)

“

Americanization”

of Vietnam War

(1965-1968)

•

Conventional US Troops take over fighting for SVN

– Reach high point of 540,000 US troops by 1969Reach high point of 540,000 US troops by 1969

(18)

18

The

“Tet”

Offensive- 1968

•

The “light at the end of the tunnel” becomes a speeding

train’s headlight:

– Americans become disillusioned with continuing the War as it’s bought home to them up front & personal

(19)

Exit Strategy

•

US involvement reached high point by late 1968

–

America became acutely divided over war

–

Following

Tet Offensive

most Americans just wanted out

•

Seeking a way out of

quagmire

–

Nixon

comes to power

with

“secret plan”

to get out

•

“

Vietnamization

” =>

allow

“Peace with Honor”

•

February 1973

=>

Peace Accords signed

–

War turned over to

SVN & US military forces withdraw

–

1975: Peace

w/o

Honor & the “Vietnam Syndrome”

•

Nixon sought Soviet help to get US out of Vietnam

(20)

20

Détente’

•

A

policy

of

Nixon

administration followed to develop

more cordial relations with the Soviet Union

.

– Aimed in part in enlisting Soviet support to assist US in getting North Vietnam back to peace table & serious negotiations

– So that US could get out of Vietnam “with honor.”

•

Détente’

lasted until 1979

– Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in late 1979 (Carter) brought US-Soviet Détente’ to an abrupt end.

(21)

Reagan &

“The Evil Empire”

•

Reagan pursues

hard line

with the Soviets

– A corrupt USSR system living on barrowed economic timesA corrupt USSR system living on barrowed economic times

– Serious reform long past due to save it from collapseSerious reform long past due to save it from collapse

•

1985:

Mikhail Gorbachev

=>

comes to power & attempts

reform =>

Perestroika

&

Glasnost

– Problem_Problem: Soviet system too corrupt & broken to salvage: Soviet system too corrupt & broken to salvage

•

Reagan’s

SDI

=>

outspending the Soviets into defeat

– Unable to keep up with strategic arms race & go broke trying_{Unable to keep up with strategic arms race & go broke trying}

•

Year of Revolution

& fall of Eastern Europe - 1989

– Fall of Fall of Berlin WallBerlin Wall – symbol of Soviet Communism – symbol of Soviet Communism

•

US Military operations in

Third World

continued:

– Grenada, Panama, Iraq #1 _{Grenada, Panama, Iraq #1}

– (Clear lack of Soviet support for its former ally- Iraq)_{(Clear lack of Soviet support for its former ally- Iraq)}

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22

After the Cold War

•

New World Order

–

Strategic reassessment

(Bush I)

tries to figure out what

US should do during the post Cold War era

–

Still trying to decide when Clinton is elected in 1992

•

Policy of

Enlargement

(Clinton)

=>

–

Expand democracy & free markets globally

•

Also use military force as required (& we did):

–

Somalia 1993

–

Haiti 1994

–

Bosnia & NATO peacekeeping- 1995

–

Serbia bombing – 1999

(23)

Foreign Policy Under George W. Bush

•

Neo-isolationism

:

from

2000

until

9/11/2001

–

Theory

: US should take a step back

•

Avoid always acting as world’s policemanAvoid always acting as world’s policeman

–

Reality

: Campaign rhetoric gives way to real world once

in office

•

The world is still very dangerous & America is not immuneThe world is still very dangerous & America is not immune

•

ON ON 9/11/20019/11/2001 that reality hit home hard => that reality hit home hard => revised policyrevised policy

•

The

Bush Doctrine

:

–

America’s post 9/11/2001 Policy & Strategy-

America’s post 9/11/2001 Policy &

Strategy-•

FocusFocus:: Counter Terror Counter Terror Policy & National Security StrategyPolicy & National Security Strategy

–

Preemptive strikes & “

preventative war

”

(24)

24

Foreign Policy

(FP)

Versus

Domestic Policy

(DP)

•

National Interest

& its various degrees & levels

– Vital vs. Important- (who decides?)_{Vital vs. Important- (who decides?)}

•

Text:

“Two presidencies”

– At _AtHomeHome( ( weakweak president) vs. president) vs. AbroadAbroad ( (strongstrong one)- why? one)- why?

•

Five Sources

of Presidential

Foreign Policy

power:

– 1. The Constitution & president’s enumerated vs. implied powers

– 2. President’s “inherent” advantages in Foreign Policy

– 3. Role of precedent in presidential dealings in Foreign Policy

– 4. Supreme Court Rulings regarding presidential FP actions

– 5. Behavior of Congress when the President takes decisive action

(25)

1.

The Constitution and Foreign Policy

•

Article I

=>

enumerated

Congressional powers include:

– Provide for common defenseProvide for common defense – Regulate commerceRegulate commerce

– Define & punish Piracies & Felonies on high seasDefine & punish Piracies & Felonies on high seas

– Declare WarDeclare War

– Raise & support Armies & maintain a Navy_{Raise & support Armies & maintain a Navy}

– Make rules & regulations for land & naval forces (Make rules & regulations for land & naval forces (UCMJUCMJ))

– Power of the purse => (fund Power of the purse => (fund or not or not fund military deployments)fund military deployments)

•

Article II

=>

enumerated

Presidential powers:

– Commander in ChiefCommander in Chief (title or job description?) (title or job description?)

– Power to Power to make treatiesmake treaties (subject to Senate’s ratification) (subject to Senate’s ratification)

(26)

26

2.

The President’s

Inherent Advantages

•

Foreign Policy success depends on (what?):

–

Speed

(quickly seize the initiative)

–

Discretion

(secrecy)

–

Flexibility

(shift priorities as needed & compromise)

•

Presidential

initiatives

depend on the

venue

used:

–

Foreign Policy

(FP)

vs

.

Domestic Policy

(DP)-

(DP)-–

Difference between the two

WRT

presidential freedom

of action?

–

FP:

Unless

Congress acts to halt

president’s actions

•

((Military Force DeploymentMilitary Force Deployment) – ) – it standsit stands- - versus: versus:

–

DP:

Until

Congress agrees to act

president’s initiative

(27)

3.

Precedent

•

President’s aggressive interpretation of

FP

powers

–

Any presidential action establishes precedent

•

If left unchallenged or challenge is unsuccessful=>If left unchallenged or challenge is unsuccessful=>

•

Implied powerImplied power is is successfully successfully establishedestablished as result as result

–

Successors use as spring board for further expansion

•

Truman to present=>

–

Implied power

as

CINC

(Korean War- Text: Box 18-1)

–

Title confers

implied

power

to order troops into combat

–

Now accepted as precedent (though grudgingly)

–

Also depends on the perceived power &

popularity (poll numbers) of the president

(28)

28

4.

Supreme Court Rulings

•

US v. Curtiss

-Wright Export Corporation (1936)

– Court Decision: President’s FP powers go _{Court Decision: President’s FP powers go}beyond beyond ConstitutionConstitution – Impact:Impact: expanded expanded implied implied Presidential powersPresidential powers in Foreign Policy in Foreign Policy

•

US v. Belmont

(‘37)=>

executive agreement

(vs.

Treaty

)

– Result:_Result: executive agreementsexecutive agreements trend up- over 90%trend up- over 90% (See (See Box 18-2Box 18-2))

•

Furthermore Court usually

refuses to hear

challenges on FP

– Effect:_Effect: de facto Court support for presidential FP prerogatives de facto Court support for presidential FP prerogatives

(29)

5.

Behavior of Congress

•

Partisan & institutional divisions

in Congress=>

–

Results in their lack of unified action to challenge

•

Belief in

strong Presidential leadership

in FP

•

Electoral considerations

–

(What if President is right? – avoid voters’ displeasure)

•

Post WWII vs. post Vietnam

Congressional behavior

•

End of Vietnam War & Cold War

=>

–

More Congressional activism in Foreign Policy

(30)

30

Next Assignment

•

Thanksgiving Holiday

(Wednesday: no class)

–

Travel safely!

•

Chapter 18b:

Foreign Policy

(Next Monday)

–

Learning Objectives 6-10

•

Preparation for

Course Review

(Wednesday 11/30)

– Also Department wide standardized test administered as wellAlso Department wide standardized test administered as well

•

RESEARCH PAPER IS also DUE 11/30!!!

•

Complete Instructor Evals – today before you

leave!

(31)

American Public Congress

Foreign Policy Bureaucracies White House Staff

President

Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy?

(32)

32

Foreign Policy Power

(33)

The White House

&

NSC

•

Role of President & Vice President

–

Varies w/administration

–

Generally=> President has called all the shots

–

Recently

VP delegated a great deal of power & influence

•

Certainly true of this AdministrationCertainly true of this Administration

•

National Security Council

(NSC)*

–

Plays

key role

in formulating American Foreign Policy

•

NSC advisor

& his or her staff’s role

–

Plays as either

Honest broker

or

policy advocate

–

Depends on President’s preference & NSC advisor

(34)

34

• Created in 1947

• Members include:

• The

President

&

Vice President

•

Secretary of State

&

Secretary of Defense

•

Director

of

CIA

&

Chair of Joint Chiefs of Staff

•

(Advisors to statutory members- subject to change)

• The staff is headed up by the

National Security Advisor

• Other relevant Cabinet Secretaries invited as required

(35)

Defense

Department

State

Department

CIA & Intel

Community

Foreign Policy Bureaucracy

NSC Staff (Coordinator)

(36)

36

The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy

•

Roles of

Department of State

(DOS)

vs. Defense (

DOD)

– Current Current Iraq IIIraq II example: DOD example: DOD took the lead over State

took the lead over State

– Major debate ensued_{Major debate ensued}

• (Winning the (Winning the PeacePeace vice just vice just Winning the

Winning the WarWar))

– Personality driven debate (who _{Personality driven debate (who}

has the most influence?)

•

Uniformed Armed Svs’ role

– Chairman_Chairman & Joint Chiefs & Joint Chiefs

• (CJCS & JCS(CJCS & JCS chiefs) chiefs)

– Military judgments in a political _{Military judgments in a political}

world (The Challenge?)

(37)

Intelligence community

•

Intelligence community

& selected agencies

–

Major current power shifts creating disruptions

–

DNI

&

CIA-

who’s on first? (TBD )

•

Expertise & experience must be

taken into account

–

Recent Intel failure illustrates problem when not=>

–

Telling the boss always what he wants to hear?

•

Impact? (Tends to downplay unpleasant or hard news)Impact? (Tends to downplay unpleasant or hard news)

•

Also all Agencies compete with each other for

power, influence, & $$$ (Budget share)

–

Result

:

Tends to drive US FP to also include what in

their recommendations?

(38)

38

Congress & Foreign Policy

•

Constitution (

Article I

)

assigns Congress

explicit powers

• Result: Considerable theoretical influence in foreign policy

•

Before WWI & II, Congress tended to assert greater role

in

Foreign Policy

•

During the

1950s and 1960s

Congress typically deferred

to the Executive Branch

• (Since WWII & start of Cold War)

•

During

1970s and 1980s

Congressional activism

in

foreign policy grew (Post Vietnam & Watergate)

•

Post 9/11

Congress tended to defer to President (at first)

(39)

Congress & Foreign Policy (2)

•

So extent of power & influence

varies over time

–

Cold War

vs.

post-Watergate

&

post-Vietnam War

vs.

–

Post 9/11

(…and back to the future)

•

3 ways Congress influences Foreign Policy

:

–

1.

Substantive legislation

•

$$$ appropriations shape policy => power$$$ appropriations shape policy => power

–

2.

Procedural legislation

•

How laws & regulations must be applied How laws & regulations must be applied wrt wrt PolicyPolicy

–

3. Efforts to shape

Public Opinion

(40)

40

Public Opinion & Foreign Policy

•

Two options for the Public to shape Foreign Policy

:

– 1. Join _{1. Join}interest groupsinterest groups & lobby Congress & President & lobby Congress & President

– 2. 2. VoteVote for candidates aligned with their political views for candidates aligned with their political views

•

Public seldom able to effect

day to day

polices (Iraq II)

– Often policy makers decide with little regard to the Public –_{Often policy makers decide with little regard to the Public –}why?why?

– Public _Publiclack detailed knowledge & expertiselack detailed knowledge & expertise

– Apathy_Apathy (most don’t even know or care where crisis spot is) (most don’t even know or care where crisis spot is)

• More concerned with domestic & economic issuesMore concerned with domestic & economic issues

•

Public usually rallies around President once conflict starts

– Initial resistance to deployment => then active support_{Initial resistance to deployment => then active support}

•

But with time support will wane if casualties grow and/or

progress seems to take too long at too high a price

(41)

Impact of

Public Opinion

on

Foreign Policy

•

Public Opinion provide

decision makers

with very little

guidance,

but…

•

Two

indirect effects of Public Opinion:

– 1. _1.Constrains future policiesConstrains future policies which can be considered which can be considered

• Example: Example: Vietnam legacyVietnam legacy => => Vietnam syndromeVietnam syndrome

– 2. Determines Washington’s FP _{2. Determines Washington’s FP}prioritiespriorities (with the media)(with the media) – Iraq II example=> looters initially brushed off by SECDEF_{Iraq II example=> looters initially brushed off by SECDEF}

• Media alerted public & public became concerned re. Iraqi MuseumMedia alerted public & public became concerned re. Iraqi Museum

• As result FBI went to Iraq to track down stolen antiquitiesAs result FBI went to Iraq to track down stolen antiquities

•

Recent Public concern for Intel failure

wrt WMD

– Forced Administration to adjust reason for invasion (democracy)_{Forced Administration to adjust reason for invasion (democracy)}

(42)

42

Challenges of the

Post–Cold War Era

•

Major debate continues:

–

What should the US role be in the post-Cold War era?

•

Disagreements over Goals & Strategies & Change:

–

Terror strike of

9/11/2001

changed everything

–

Debate now centers on strategy to prevent 2nd attack

–

Preventive War

&

pre-emptive

strikes (

Bush Doctrine

)

•

((Containment strategyContainment strategy no longer viable option)- why?no longer viable option)- why?

•

Soviet Union no longer exists & suicide bombers can’t be Soviet Union no longer exists & suicide bombers can’t be logically deterred

logically deterred

–

Homeland Security &

Defense

at what expense?

(43)

(44)

44

DOD Budget (as % of GDP)

%

of

G D P

Korean War

9/11

Vietnam War (High point)

(45)

Future Challenges to US Foreign Policy

•

Disagreements

about the

goals

and

strategies

of American foreign policy for 21

st

century

•

An ever

changing foreign policy agenda

•

Cold War => Post Cold War => Bush Doctrine

•

Unilateral

versus

multilateral*

FP

approach

(46)

46

Unilateralism:

The tendency of the

US to

act alone

in foreign affairs

without consulting other

countries.

Multilateralism:

Three or more

Nations

cooperate together

to

solve some common

foreign policy problem

Unilateralism vs. Multilateralism

(47)

The United States will face complex problems in:

•

Nuclear proliferation

(North Korea & Iran)

•

Military interventions

(The Middle East & exiting Iraq)

•

Economic policy

(Trade imbalance w/China &

ME Oil prices)

•

Globalization

(Global interdependence & domestic impact)

•

“Inter-mestic” issues

(Foreign Policy impact at home)

•

Human rights

(American ideals vs. US National interests)

•

Homeland Security

(Balancing security with liberties)

(48)

48

The Last Assignment:

•

Review & prepare for Final Exam

–

25 question

standardized test

will also be administered

•

Questions & answers to Midterm & Test II

–

Review: come prepared to ask your questions

•

(last chance to clarify any uncertainty)(last chance to clarify any uncertainty)

•

Essay Question Prep Review

(Handout last week)

•

Turn in your Research Paper on Wednesday 11/30

(49)

Chapter 18:

KEY TERMS

• Cold War: A phrase used to describe the high level of tension and distrust that characterized relations between the Soviet Union and the United States from the late 1940s until the early 1990s.

• Containment: A bedrock principle of U.S. foreign policy from the 1940s to the 1980s that emphasized the need to prevent communist countries, especially the Soviet Union, from expanding the territory they controlled.

• Detente: A policy the Nixon administration followed to develop more cordial relations with the Soviet Union.

• Engagement: The policy of encouraging U.S. trade and investment in a country in an effort to encourage it to pursue policies more to America’s liking.

• Enlargement: The policy President Bill Clinton proposed as a substitute for containment. It calls on the United States to promote the emergence of market democracies; that is, countries that combine a free market economic system with a democratic political system.

• Executive agreements: International agreements that, unlike treaties, do not require the approval of two-thirds of the Senate to become binding on the United States.

• Foreign Service Officers: Career professional diplomats who work for the Department of State.

• Free trade: An economic policy that holds that lowering trade barriers will benefit the economies of all the countries involved.

• Globalism: The idea that the United States should be prepared to use military force around the globe to defend its political and economic interests.

(50)

50

Chapter 18:

KEY TERMS

(2)

• Intermestic issues: Issues such as trade, the environment, and drug trafficking that affect both domestic and foreign interests.

• Isolationism: A foreign policy built on the principle of avoiding formal military and political alliances with other countries.

• Marshall Plan: A multibillion-dollar U.S. aid program in the late 1940s and early 1950s that helped Western European countries rebuild their economies in the wake of World War.

• Monroe Doctrine: A basic principle of U.S. foreign policy that dates back to a warning President James Monroe issued in 1823 that the United States would resist further European efforts to intervene in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

• Multilateralism: An approach in which three or more countries cooperate for the purpose of solving some common problem.

• National interest: The idea that the United States has certain interests in international relations that most Americans agree on.

• National Missile Defense (NMD): A weapons system that, if it can be made to work, would potentially protect the United States and possibly its allies against attack by long-range

ballistic missiles.

• Neo-conservativism: Recent resurgence of Conservative ideology, especially toward Foreign Policy.

• Neo-isolationism: The idea that the United States should reduce its role in world affairs and return to a foreign policy similar to the one it pursued before World War II.

(51)

Chapter 18:

KEY TERMS

(3)

•

Sovereignty: The power of self-rule.

•

Third World: A term loosely defined to mean the developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

•

Truman Doctrine: A policy, announced by President Truman in 1947, that the United States would oppose communist attempts to overthrow or conquer non-communist countries.

•

Two presidencies: The argument that presidents have much greater influence over the content of foreign policy than the content of

domestic policy.

•

Unilateralism: The tendency of the United States to act alone in foreign affairs without consulting other countries.

•

World Trade Organization (WTO): The international trade