• No results found

The Predictive Ability of Psychological Constructs Upon Verdict Outcome: A Latent Profile Analysis of Juror Decision Making.

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "The Predictive Ability of Psychological Constructs Upon Verdict Outcome: A Latent Profile Analysis of Juror Decision Making."

Copied!
19
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

University of Huddersfield Repository

Willmott, Dominic, Boduszek, Daniel and Booth, Nigel The Predictive Ability of Psychological Constructs Upon Verdict Outcome: A Latent Profile  Analysis of Juror Decision Making. Original Citation Willmott, Dominic, Boduszek, Daniel and Booth, Nigel (2017) The Predictive Ability of  Psychological Constructs Upon Verdict Outcome: A Latent Profile Analysis of Juror Decision  Making. In: Forensic Psychology in Canada Conference, 24th­27th April 2017, Carleton University,  Ottawa. (Unpublished)  This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/32032/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not­for­profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/

(2)

D

o

mi

n

ic

Wi

llmo

tt,

Pr

o

f.

Da

ni

el

B

o

dus

ze

k &

N

ig

el

B

o

o

th

Un

iv

er

sity

o

f H

u

d

d

er

sfi

eld

-En

g

la

n

d

The

Pr

ed

ic

tiv

e

abili

ty of P

sy

chol

ogi

cal

C

ons

tr

u

cts

u

p

on

V

er

d

ic

t

Ou

tc

ome

:

A L

at

en

t Pr

of

ile

Ana

ly

si

s of

Ju

ror

Dec

isi

o

n

Mak

in

g

D

om

ini

c.W

illm

o

tt

@h

ud.

ac.

uk

@

dom

ini

cwi

llm

o

tt

(3)

R

ap

e &

T

h

e

E

n

gli

sh

C

JS

M

ini

st

ry

O

f Just

ice

(201

5)

34

,741

C

as

es

Re

co

rd

ed

b

y Pol

ice

3,851 Cas

es

Pro

ce

ed

ed

to

Cou

rt

Sta

ge

< 11%

o

f to

tal

re

p

o

rt

ed

1,297 Cas

es

De

fe

n

d

an

t

Con

victe

d

< 4%

o

f c

as

es

re

p

o

rt

ed

**

UK

Ho

m

e O

ffi

ce

e

st

im

at

es:

60,

000

95,

000

R

ap

es

pe

r y

ear

(4)

Ra

p

e A

tt

rit

io

n

1

. Deci

si

on

to

R

ep

or

t

V

ic

ti

m ma

y

n

ev

er

re

p

o

rt

-e.

g.

re

la

ti

o

n

sh

ip

to

o

ffe

n

d

er

, f

ear

d

isb

eli

ef,

‘r

e-rap

ed

2

. In

ve

st

ig

at

io

n

St

ag

e

Su

sp

ec

t

n

ev

er

d

et

ec

te

d

, p

ol

ic

e d

ro

p

d

u

e t

o

lack o

f

evi

d

en

ce

o

r

vi

cti

m

w

ith

d

ra

w

s

3

. Di

sc

on

tin

ua

tio

n

by

P

ro

se

cut

or

s

CP

S d

ec

id

e

n

o

t

en

o

u

gh

e

vi

d

en

ce

to

se

cu

re

c

o

n

vi

cti

o

n

,

e.

g. c

o

n

se

n

t

co

n

te

st

ed

o

r

vi

cti

m

n

o

t c

o

n

sid

er

ed

cr

ed

ib

le

4

. T

ri

a

l

Ju

d

ge

d

is

mi

ss

al

o

r mo

re

lik

ely

Jur

y d

e

cid

e

N

o

t

Gui

lty

(5)

Ju

ry

T

ria

ls

E&

W

12 L

ay

J

u

ro

rs

ma

ke

v

erd

ic

t

d

ec

isi

o

n

s

in

iso

lati

o

n

Jud

ge

s

ro

le

:p

ro

vi

d

e l

eg

al

d

ire

cti

o

n

s on

ly

Eli

gib

ility

C

rite

ria

Inc

. c

rit

er

ia:

18

-75

&

re

gist

er

ed

vo

te

r

Exc

. c

rit

er

ia:

se

rio

u

s m

en

tal

h

eal

th

is

su

es

/

cr

im

in

al

c

o

n

vic

tio

n

s

R

an

d

o

ml

y S

e

le

cte

d

Lo

cal

e

le

ct

o

ral

re

gist

er

No

P

re

-tr

ial

Q

ue

st

io

ni

ng

o

r P

er

em

pt

o

ry

C

ha

lle

ng

es

Cr im in a l Ju st ic e Ac t, 1988

Ju

ro

rs

p

ro

h

ib

ite

d

f

ro

m di

sc

u

ssi

n

g c

ase

po

st

-tr

ial

Co n tem p t o f Co u rt Ac t, 19 8 1

N

o

Justi

fic

ati

o

n

fo

r ve

rd

ic

t

re

q

u

ire

d

So

Ju

ry

D

ec

isi

o

n

M

ak

in

g m

u

st

wo

rk

ju

st

fi

n

e th

en

(6)

Ju

ry

B

ia

s R

e

se

ar

ch

Pr

e-Tr

ial

Pu

b

lic

ity

In

ad

m

is

sib

le

Ev

id

en

ce

C

SI

Ef

fe

ct

Wi

tne

ss

A

ttr

ac

tiv

ene

ss

Le

ve

l o

f

Ey

e

C

o

n

tac

t

Ext

ern

al

B

ias

Ef

fect

s

Da

fta

ry

-Ka

p

u

r

et

a

l, (2

0

10

)

A

ss

u

m

p

tio

n

th

at

ju

ro

rs

p

ro

ces

s c

as

es

in

ra

tio

n

al

&

u

n

b

ia

sed

m

an

n

er

, la

rg

el

y i

n

ac

cu

ra

te

= T

ria

l b

y Med

ia

“P

lea

se

d

isreg

a

rd

th

a

t

la

st

st

a

temen

t”

“T

h

ere

wo

u

ld

b

e b

lo

o

d

if

h

e’

d

d

o

n

e

it”

A

ttra

ct

ive

= T

ru

th

fu

l

(e

xcep

tio

n

F

ra

u

d

)

“S

h

e

co

u

ld

b

a

rel

y l

o

o

k

a

t h

im,

s

h

e’

s

lyi

n

g

(7)

How

ev

er

the

ro

le o

f

Impl

ic

it

bi

as

der

ivi

n

g fr

o

m

in

di

vi

du

al

jur

o

r

cha

rac

ter

ist

ic

s an

d

ps

yc

ho

lo

gic

al

c

o

ns

truc

ts

-les

s w

el

l do

cum

en

ted

R

esear

ch

ha

s pr

o

du

ced

m

ix

ed

fi

n

di

ng

s o

f

a

rel

at

io

ns

hi

p

bet

w

ee

n

the

per

so

n

yo

u

ar

e

an

d

the

ver

di

ct

dec

isi

o

n

in

di

vi

d

ua

ls m

ak

e

Do

m

in

an

t t

heo

ry

m

ai

n

tai

ns

the

st

reng

th

o

f

the

cas

e

an

d

sw

ay

o

f

the

ev

id

enc

e

to

ha

ve

the

gr

ea

tes

t e

ffect

up

o

n

ver

di

ct

in

cl

in

at

io

ns

(P

en

n

in

g

to

n

a

n

d

H

a

st

ie

, 1

9

9

2

)

How

ev

er

as

El

lsw

o

rt

h

(1

9

9

3

) po

in

ts

o

ut

wher

e

in

di

vi

du

al

jur

o

rs

f

o

rm

di

ffer

en

t c

o

nc

lu

sio

ns

des

pi

te heari

n

g t

he

sam

e t

es

tim

o

ny

in

a c

as

e,

ev

id

ence

al

o

ne i

s un

lik

el

y t

o

be t

he

m

ai

n

fac

to

r i

m

pa

ct

in

g v

er

di

ct

ch

o

ic

es

Ju

ry

B

ia

s R

e

se

ar

ch

(8)

Ju

ror

C

h

ar

act

e

ris

tics

&

D

e

ci

sion

s

Demo

gr

ap

hi

cs

A

ge

, G

en

d

er,

SE

S,

Ra

ce

, O

cc

u

p

ati

o

n

mi

xe

d

fi

n

d

in

gs

O

ld

er

Mal

es

Mo

re

Co

n

vi

cti

o

n

P

ro

n

e

Br

o

ad

P

er

so

na

lit

y C

ha

rac

ter

ist

ic

s

Hi

gh

A

u

th

o

ri

tar

ian

ism

In

te

rn

al

lo

cu

s o

f c

o

n

tr

o

l

Ju

st

W

o

rl

d

B

eli

ef’

s

Cr

im

e

Speci

fi

c At

tit

ud

es

Di

re

ctl

y

re

late

d

to

c

ri

me

-th

o

u

gh

t

to

b

e g

re

ate

st

p

re

d

ic

to

r

o

f

ve

rd

ic

t

p

re

fer

en

ce

s

H

ig

h

R

MA

N

.G

verd

ic

ts

(Di

n

o

s

et

a

l, 2

0

14

)

Howev

er

, des

pi

te

so

m

e

sup

po

rt

, o

ve

ral

l per

so

na

lit

y cha

rac

ter

ist

ic

s and

dem

o

graph

ic

s ap

pea

r

in

co

ns

ist

ent

&

weak

predi

ct

o

rs o

f

ve

rdi

ct

o

ut

co

m

e

(L

ie

b

erm

a

n

a

n

d

S

a

le

s,

2

00

7

)

G

re

at

er

Lik

eli

h

o

o

d

o

f

Co

n

vi

cti

o

n

(9)

P

re

se

n

t R

at

io

n

ale

Con

str

u

cts

ex

ami

n

ed

in

pas

t

res

ear

ch

g

en

er

al

ly

fa

vo

u

r e

xami

n

in

g

b

ro

ad

w

o

rld

v

iew

s an

d

neg

lec

t

in

tu

iti

vel

y i

mp

o

rtan

t

as

p

ec

ts

o

f J

DM

E.

g.

Em

o

ti

o

n

al

R

es

p

o

n

siv

en

es

s &

E

m

p

ath

ic

u

n

d

er

st

an

d

in

g

De

sir

e t

o

b

e i

n

c

on

tr

ol

, ab

ility

to

m

an

ip

u

la

te

o

th

er

s &

e

goce

n

tri

ci

ty

N

ee

d

fo

r

p

ee

r

acce

p

tan

ce

, in

cl

usi

o

n

&

se

lf-es

teem

M

o

st

res

ear

ch

c

o

n

d

u

ct

ed

in

No

rth

A

m

er

ic

an

c

o

n

te

xt

few

ex

p

lor

ati

o

n

s w

ith

in

legi

sla

ti

ve

ly

res

tr

icti

ve

En

gl

is

h

c

o

n

te

xt

Ex

p

lor

ati

o

n

s o

f J

DM

o

ften

si

gn

ific

an

tl

y l

ack

in

g

in

E

co

lo

gi

ca

l V

al

id

ity

Far

re

mov

ed

fr

o

m

tri

al

co

n

te

xt

/ en

vir

o

n

me

n

t

co

n

d

u

ct

ed

W

ri

tte

n

fo

rm

at,

to

o

b

ri

ef

(10)

Stud

y

Aims

To

in

ve

sti

ga

te

if

t

h

er

e i

s an

y r

ela

ti

o

n

sh

ip

b

etw

ee

n

p

sy

cho

logi

cal

tr

ai

ts,

cri

m

e

sp

eci

fic

at

ti

tu

d

es

an

d

ju

ry

d

eci

sion

m

ak

in

g, wi

th

in

r

ap

e

tri

als

;

1.

Wh

eth

er

th

er

e i

s an

y r

ela

ti

o

n

ship

b

etw

ee

n

th

e d

im

en

sion

s of

P

sy

ch

o

p

ath

y

,

Rap

e A

tti

tu

d

es

,an

d

Se

lf-Es

te

e

m

, wi

th

ju

ro

rs

in

itial

v

e

rd

ic

t

d

eci

sion

s.

2.

Wh

er

e a

re

la

ti

o

n

sh

ip

e

xi

sts

, is

th

is

co

n

sis

te

n

t

p

o

st

d

e

lib

e

ra

tion

.

(11)

Meth

od

s

Liv

e

Tr

ial

S

imula

tion

P

ar

tici

p

an

ts

N

=

108

(9

x 12 pe

rs

o

n

ju

ry

p

an

els

)

Sy

st

ema

ti

c R

an

d

o

m

Sam

p

le

A

ge

ran

ge

18

73 (

M

= 45.00, SD =

15.75

)

51%

fe

ma

le

s &

49%

ma

le

s

Ele

ct

o

ral

R

o

le

R

an

d

o

m Co

mp

G

en

er

ati

o

n

Ju

ry

Eli

gib

ility

As

se

ss

ed

(12)

Meth

od

s

M

ea

su

res

Com

p

le

te

d

u

p

o

n

ar

ri

val

D

em

o

gr

ap

h

ic

s q

u

es

tio

n

n

air

e

P

sy

ch

o

p

at

h

ic

P

er

so

n

ali

ty

T

ra

its

S

ca

le

(PPT

S)

B

o

d

u

sz

ek

et

a

l (

2

01

6

)

A

cc

ep

ta

n

ce

o

f M

o

d

ern

M

yt

h

s A

b

o

u

t S

ex

u

al

A

gg

res

sio

n

S

ca

le

(AMMSA)

Gr

eg

er

et

al

(2007)

Sel

f E

stee

m

S

ca

le

R

o

se

n

b

erg

(1989)

Co

m

p

le

te

d

P

o

st

-tr

ia

l

V

er

d

ic

t D

ec

is

io

n

S

h

ee

t 1

&

2

(13)

Meth

od

s

Tr

ial

Si

mul

at

io

n

Pr

o

ced

u

re

Li

ve

tr

ial

r

e-en

ac

tme

n

t

(L

aw

ye

rs

/ A

ct

o

rs

)

Base

d

on

g

en

u

in

e

cas

e

-Evi

d

en

ti

al

ly

n

eu

tr

al

co

n

te

n

t

‘Ju

ro

rs

’ o

b

se

rv

ed

tr

ial

in

mo

ck c

o

u

rt

ro

o

m

1 fu

ll d

ay

In

str

u

cti

o

n

s g

iv

en

b

y th

e ju

d

ge

Pr

e-d

eli

b

er

ati

o

n

v

er

d

ic

t

d

ec

is

io

n

De

lib

er

at

e

as

g

ro

u

p

Po

st

-d

eli

b

er

ati

o

n

v

er

d

ic

t

d

ec

isi

o

n

(14)

In

d

iv

id

u

al

V

er

d

ic

t

D

ec

is

io

n

1

In

d

iv

id

u

al

V

er

d

ic

t

D

ec

is

io

n

2

No

t G

ui

lty

Gu

ilt

y

No

t G

ui

lty

Gu

ilt

y

Ac

qu

aint

anc

e

R

ap

e Ca

se

78.

8%

21.

2%

85.

9%

14.

1%

Tabl

e

1.

In

d

ivi

d

u

a

l J

u

ro

r

D

eci

si

o

n

s

P

re

a

n

d

P

o

st

D

el

ib

era

tio

n

Desc

ript

iv

e

Results

13% o

f ‘

jur

o

rs’ c

ha

ng

ed

ve

rdi

ct

de

cisi

o

n

af

te

r e

xpo

su

re

to

de

libe

ra

tio

n

Wo

rr

yin

gly

92%

o

f t

h

o

se

wh

o

c

h

an

ge

d

st

at

ed

th

ey

v

o

te

d

fo

r a

ve

rd

ic

t o

th

er

th

an

f

o

r t

h

e o

n

e t

h

ey

ac

tua

lly

b

eli

ev

ed

N

= 9 (

69%)

Tho

ug

h

t de

fe

nd

an

t t

o

be

G

ui

lty

bu

t v

o

te

d

N

.G

.

N

= 4 (

31%)

-Tho

ug

h

t de

fe

nd

an

t t

o

be

N

o

t G

ui

lty

bu

t v

o

te

d

G

.

(15)

Analys

is

-Infer

enti

al

Bi

n

ar

y L

ogis

ti

c

R

e

gr

e

ssi

on

A

MM

SA

Sig

. Pre

d

ic

to

r

V

erd

ic

t

O

u

tco

me

Se

lf

Es

te

em

No

n

-S

ig

. Pre

d

ic

to

r

V

erd

ic

t

O

u

tco

me

M od el AI C BI C SSA -BI C LRT p En tr o p y 1 cl ass 2066. 35 2087. 11 2061. 84 N/A N/A N/A 2 cla ss 2030. 51 2064. 25 2023. 19 43. 93 < .0 01 .8 50 3 cl a ss 2011. 70 2058. 42 2001. 57 27. 60 .0 34 .7 46 4 cla ss 2005. 32 2065. 01 1992. 37 15. 70 .1 58 .8 76 N o te. A IC = A kai ke in fo rm at io n c ri teri o n ; BI C = Baye si an in fo rm at io n c ri teri o n ; SSA -BI C = sam pl e si ze adjust e d BI C ; L RT = L o -M end el l-Rubi n’ s adjust e d lik e liho o d rat io te st . Tab le 1 -Fi t I n d ic es fo r t h e La ten t Pro file An a ly sis o f t h e Fo u r Ps yc h o p a th y F a ct o rs o f PP TS

La

te

n

t

Pr

of

ile

A

n

aly

si

s

(16)

An

alys

is

-LPA

Fig

u

re

1

.

La

te

n

t Pro

file

A

n

a

lys

is

Pl

o

t o

f

Ps

ycho

pa

th

y

in

Live

T

ri

al

Sa

m

p

le

Evi

d

en

ce

o

f

3 d

isti

n

ct PP

TS

Pr

o

fi

le

s

w

ith

in

jur

o

r

p

o

p

u

la

ti

o

n

Su

b

se

q

u

en

t

ML

R

Di

sp

la

ye

d

Cl

as

s 3,

sig

. mo

re

lik

ely

to

r

etu

rn

N

G

v

er

d

ic

t t

h

an

C

las

s 1

K

ey

findi

ng

-Thi

s

w

as

cons

is

te

n

t bot

h

pr

e

-de

libe

ra

tio

n

&

pos

t-de

libe

ra

tion

Cl

as

s 1

Cl

as

s 2

Cl

as

s 3

(17)

Ev

id

en

ce

of r

ela

ti

o

n

sh

ip

b

etw

ee

n

p

sy

cho

logi

cal

c

on

stru

cts

an

d

v

er

d

ic

t

ou

tc

ome

,

d

ra

w

s i

n

to

q

u

es

ti

o

n

CJ

S

p

ract

ice

s e

.g.

h

o

w

im

p

ar

ti

al

ar

e j

u

ro

rs

r

eal

ly

?

Th

e n

ee

d

t

o

o

ve

rh

au

l le

gi

sla

ti

ve

re

stri

cti

o

n

s t

o

a

llow

f

o

r

gr

ea

te

r

q

u

es

ti

o

n

in

g

o

f

ju

ro

rs

is

h

ighl

igh

te

d

Po

ss

ib

ility

m

ak

in

g

a

case

fo

r

‘s

cr

ee

n

in

g

o

u

t’

ju

ro

rs

wh

o

se

ch

ar

act

eri

sti

cs

p

re

d

isp

os

e th

em

tow

ar

d

s ce

rt

ai

n

v

er

d

ic

ts

Mai

n

Ou

tc

ome

&

Ob

jec

ti

ve

En

su

re

ju

ry

tri

al

s &

v

er

d

ic

t

d

eci

sion

s a

re

f

ai

r

for

b

o

th

v

icti

m

s &

d

ef

en

d

an

ts

Fu

tu

re

re

se

ar

ch

Te

st

th

e e

ffe

ct

u

p

o

n

v

er

d

icts

w

h

en

scr

ee

n

in

g t

ech

n

iq

u

es

em

p

loy

ed

Doe

s t

h

e p

re

d

ic

ti

ve

re

la

ti

o

n

sh

ip

h

ol

d

u

p

in

ot

h

er

cas

es

,

h

omi

ci

d

e / D

V?

Im

p

lic

ati

o

n

s &

A

p

p

lic

ati

o

n

s

(18)

Bo d u sz ek , D ., D eb o wska , A ., D h in gra , K. , & D eL isi , M . (2 01 6). In tro d u ct io n an d v al id at io n o f P syc h o p at h ic P erso n al ity Tra its Sc al e (P P TS ) in a lar ge p ri so n sam p le. Jo u rn a l o f Cr im in a l J u st ice ,46 , 9 -17 . Bo d u sz ek , D ., D ebo wsk a, A . an d Wi llm o tt, D . (2 0 1 7 ). A N ew M o d el o f P sy ch o p at h y. Th e Cu st o d ia l Rev iew , 8 1, 16 -17 . D aft ary ‐Kapu r, T., D u m as, R. , & P enro d , S. D . (2 0 1 0 ). Ju ry d ec isi o n ‐m aki n g b iases an d m et h o d s to c o u n ter th em . L eg a l a n d cri m in o lo g ica l p sy ch o lo g y, 15 (1 ), 1 33 -154. Di n o s, S., Bu rr o wes , N ., H amm o n d , K. , & C u n liffe , C . (2 01 4). A syst em at ic revi ew o f ju ri es' assess m en t o f ra p e vic tim s: D o ra p e m yt h s im p ac t o n ju ro r d ec isi o n -m aki n g? In ter n a tio na l J o u rn a l o f La w, Cr im e a n d Ju st ice . Ell iso n , L ., & M u n ro , V. E . (2 0 1 4 ). ‘T el lin g t al es’ : ex p lo ri n g n arr at iv es o f life an d law wi th in th e (m o ck) ju ry ro o m . L eg a l S tu d ies , n /a -n /a. do i: 10 .1 11 1/ lest .1 20 51 Gerg er , H ., Kl ey , H ., Bohn e r G. , Si ebl er , F. . (2 0 1 3 ). A cc ep ta n ce o f M o d er n M yt h s A b o u t S exu a l A g g ress io n (A M M SA ) sca le . M easurem ent In st ru m ent D at ab ase fo r th e So cial Sc ienc e. Ret ri ev ed fro m ww w. m id ss. ie Lieberm an , J . D ., & Sa les, B. D . (2 0 0 7 ). Et h ica l a n d P ro fess io n a l Iss ues in S ci en tifi c Ju ry S el ect io n . In (Ed s) Sc ie nt ifi c J ury Se le ct io n (pp. 1 8 7-20 0 ). Washi n gt o n : A m eri can P sy ch o lo gic al A sso ciat io n P ress. P en n in gt o n , N ., & H ast ie, R. (1 99 2). E xp lai n in g t h e ev id en ce: T est s o f th e St o ry M o d el fo r ju ro r d ec isi o n m aki n g. Jo u rn a l o f P er so n a lit y a nd S o cia l P sy ch o lo g y, 62 (2 ), 1 8 9 . Ro senb erg , M . (1 96 5 ). Ro senb erg sel f-est ee m sc al e (RSE ). A cc ep ta n ce a n d co m m itm en t t h er a p y. M ea su res p a cka g e ,61 . Wi llm o tt, D . & O o st in ga , M . (I n p ress). S cien tifi c J u ry Sel ec tio n . In B. Ba ker, R. M in h as , & L . Wi lso n (E d s. ) Wh a t y o u n eed to kn o w a b o u t P sy ch o lo g y a n d La w: Fa ct b o o k Vo lu m e II. E u ro p ean A sso ciat io n o f P sy ch o lo gy an d L aw. Wi llm o tt, D ., an d Bo d u sz ek , D . (2 0 1 6 ). Rap e o n tri al : T h e in fl u enc e o f ju ry b ias o n v erdi ct o u tc o m e. T h e Ju st ice Ga p . Ret ri ev ed fro m h ttp :/ /t h ejust ic eg ap .c o m /2 0 1 6 /0 9 /rap e -tri al -in fl u enc e -ju ry -b ias -v erdi ct -o u tc o m e/

Re

fe

re

n

ce

s

(19)

R

ap

e

&

J

u

ry

T

ria

ls

M

ini

st

ry

O

f Just

ice

(201

5)

2,257

T

ri

ed

b

ef

ore

a

Ju

ry

(e

.g

N

G

P

le

a)

834 G

u

ilty

Ve

rd

ict

Re

tu

rn

ed

-A

ro

u

n

d

1 i

n

3

1,423 N

o

t

G

u

ilty

Ve

rd

ict

Re

tu

rn

ed

-A

roun

d

2

in

3

**

O

nl

y a

37% C

ha

nc

e o

f be

ing

c

o

nv

ic

te

d

if pl

ead

N

G

an

d

o

pt

fo

r t

rial

by

ju

ry

References

Related documents

This evidence, together with the negative reaction at the disclosure of results also for banks involved in the CA, but without a capital shortfall (see Table 2),

The current findings are the first to report that deprivation is a significant and independent predictor of increased health care use, health care costs, and mortality

In our case, delayed allograft function that did not improve with steroid pulse therapy was observed, and surgical exploration was performed due to suspected urologi- cal and

In May 2007 the ESA Directorate for Human Spacefl ight, Microgravity and Exploration (D-HME) asked the ESF’s European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC) to organise a broad scientifi

Fall 2012 Semester Assistant Professor Chung-Ang University Seoul, Korea Technology and Innovation Management for graduates (Korean-Based) - Overall Semester Score =

The choice section was designed to assess the tradeoffs households make between the frequency of restrictions on domestic outdoor water use and the environmental condition of

The fact that the GDPR and DPA do not apply directly to the data of the deceased, including posthumous medical data, makes it even more important to identify the key legal issues