infectious diseases

The author(s) hereby affirms that the manuscript entitled: ....................................................................................... ............................................. to be published in Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases is original, that all statements as facts are based on author(s) investigation and research, that the manuscript does not, in whole or in part, violate any copyright or any

In 1991 the Infectious Diseases Section of the Epidemiology Branch completed a review of the NSW refugee medical screening program.. The review examined inter alia the need for screening[r]

The author(s) hereby affirms that the manuscript entitled: ...... ............................................................................................................................ .. to be published in Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases is original, that all statements as facts are based on author(s) investigation and research, that the manuscript does not, in whole or in part, violate any copyright or any law of pri- vacy or other personal or property right. The manuscript has not been published elsewhere in total or in part; is not being submitted and/or considered for publication in total or in part elsewhere; and that the author(s) has full authority to enter into this copyright agreement and to make the grants con- tained herein. In signing this form, each author acknowledges that he/she participated in the work in a substantive way and is prepared to take public responsibility for the work. Please sign in the same order in which the authors’ names appear on the title page of manuscript.

Psychiatric symptoms can be associated with several systemic and central nervous system infec- tions and they can be the initial presenting symptoms, occurring in the absence of neurological symptoms in some disorders as in some cases of viral encephalitis. They could also be part of the clinical picture in other cases such as psychosis or mood symptoms secondary to brucellosis or toxoplasmosis. Late-onset neuropsychiatric complications may also occur several years following the infection such as in the case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis due to measles. Some In- fectious diseases may have possible etiological role for major psychiatric disorders, based on yet unconfirmed reports for viral infectious diseases (e.g. Influenza virus and HSV-1) which are thought to have risk for developing schizophrenia and psychosis. Neuropsychiatric adverse effects can occur due to drugs (e.g. mefloquine, interferon-alpha) that are used for treatment of infectious diseases. Psychiatric symptoms can also be reactivated resulting from chronic, complicated and serious infections such as HIV that can lead to depression, anxiety or adjustment disorders, al- though CNS involvement can also be a possible etiological factor. Patients suffering from primary and severe psychiatric disorders are at increased risk of contracting infection; that is mainly re- lated to high risk behaviors in patients with mania or schizophrenia. It is also important to con- sider that the co-occurrence of psychiatric symptoms and infection can be incidental (i.e. infec- tious diseases can occur in psychiatric patients regardless of the above mentioned factors). Early identification of the underlying etiology for organic/secondary psychiatric symptoms is essential for appropriate intervention and early treatment of the primary condition that could be the etiol- ogy of psychiatric symptoms so as to avoid unnecessary long-term psychiatric treatment and to avoid complications of possible misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis of the primary condition.

In this time of unprecedented global change, infectious diseases will impact humans and wildlife in novel and unknown ways. Climate change, the introduction of invasive species, urbanization, agricultural practices and the loss of biodiversity have all been implicated in increasing the spread of infectious pathogens. In many regards, deforestation supersedes these other global events in terms of its immediate potential global effects in both tropical and temperate regions. The effects of deforestation on the spread of pathogens in birds are largely unknown. Birds harbor many of the same types of pathogens as humans and in addition can spread infectious agents to humans and other wildlife. It is thought that avifauna have gone extinct due to infectious diseases and many are presently threatened, especially endemic island birds. It is clear that habitat degradation can pose a direct threat to many bird species but it is uncertain how these alterations will affect disease transmission and susceptibility to disease. The migration and dispersal of birds can also change with habitat degradation, and thus expose populations to novel pathogens. Some recent work has shown that the results of landscape transformation can have confounding effects on avian malaria, other haemosporidian parasites and viruses. Now with advances in many technologies, including mathematical and computer modeling, genomics and satellite tracking, scientists have tools to further research the disease ecology of deforestation. This research will be imperative to help predict and prevent outbreaks that could affect avifauna, humans and other wildlife worldwide.

The epidemiology of infectious diseases is a complex and multi-factoral subject [16, 151, 74]. As such, no single review can hope to cover all aspects. Here we fo- cus largely on the population dynamics of infectious diseases – how the number of individuals infected changes dynamically over time. This article therefore relies heavily on tools from mathematics and theoretical physics (the theory of differential equations and dynamical systems, statistical mechanics, and stochastic processes). However, there are multiple disciplines that feed into epidemiology that we do not cover. Statistics is one with which many readers will be familiar; statistics plays a vital role in both inter- preting the observed infection data (accounting for the many biases in reporting) and in parameter inference when we attempt to fit models to data. Obviously, a range of biological sciences from microbiology to immunology to ecology are needed to inform our understanding of the pathogen, the host and their interaction; while we do not attempt a comprehensive review of such knowledge, the next section does provide suf- ficient biological background to motivate and justify the choice of model formulation. Finally, in recent years it has become apparent that other disciplines have a role to play: economics is vital to underpin cost-effectiveness studies that are key to assessing control programmes; sociology and psychology help to explain and predict human response to outbreaks or new treatments; while medical insights are needed to understand the link between the individual as a host for the pathogen and the individual as a patient that requires treatment. Therefore, when developing models for the spread of an infectious disease we not only need a range of mathematical skills but must account for the in- sights provided by many other disciplines. Throughout, we had attempted to draw on citations from the mathematical and biological literature whenever possible, so as to introduce the reader to this (possible novel) fields of scientific publication.

all active cases have treatment initiated and ceased by, and be discharged from medical care by, a specialist physician at the nearest chest clinic; the NSW Infectious Diseases Surveilla[r]

My field placement for the Master of Applied Epidemiology (MAE) commenced on 25 February 2013, in the Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance section (VPDS), Health Emergency and Management Branch (HEMB), Office of Health Protection (OHP), Australian Department of Health (the Department of Health). My field supervisor was the director of VPDS, Ms Rhonda Owen. During this time I worked on diseases managed by this section including influenza, Human Pappillomavirus (HPV) and legionellosis. Collaboration and supervision was provided for each project by specialists in their fields including Dr. Julia Brotherton from the Victorian Cytology Service (VCS), Christina Bareja (VPDS), Kate Pennington (VPDS) and Amy Bright (VPDS). As part of my placement I also worked with the Australian Capital Territory Health Protection Service (HPS) to investigate an outbreak of gastroenteritis. I was seconded to HPS for 2 weeks to assist with the investigation.

This is a model of chlamydial infection, the disease is sexually transmitted, so the prevalence of infection depends on the prevalence within both the male and female populations, the sp[r]

However, in the last quarter of 1994 three isolates from two patients had very high levels of quinolone resistance and those infected with these types of gonococci usually did not respon[r]

The increase in foodborne illness notifications in 1995 (253 cases) compared with the same period in 1994 (116 cases) has been largely due to outbreaks in the Hunter Area.. In January 19[r]

The apparent increase of new infections as a proportion of total diagnoses in the first semester of 1995 (83, 32 per cent) compared with the first semester of 1994 (68, 29 per cent) was [r]

Coxsackie A type 12, pohiomyehitis virus type 1, poliomyehitis virus type 2, anc. a group of[r]

The epidemic was centred in the Bega Valley area, with 43 per cent of known cases occurring in students at Bega High School.. The outbreak peaked during the week beginning September 25, [r]

Sensibly managing risks to protect farmers, their family, workers and farming business and can reduce ill health and the resulting financial and personal costs; Improved productivity, [r]

C5A Central Sydney Health Area, SSA Southern Sydney Health Area, ESA Eastern Sydney Health Area, SWS South Western Sydney Health Area, WSA Western Sydney Health Area, WEN Wentworth Healt[r]

In October 1995 a horse breeder in Queensland died from equine morbilli virus (EMIT).. The appearance of EMV highlights the importance of innovative surveillance systems capable of detec[r]

s issue of the N,SWPublic Health Bulletin contains information on infectious disease notifications for December 1995 and January 1996, as well as cumulative notifications for the 1995 ye[r]

In response to reports of VRE in NSW, the Chief Health Officer wrote to all Area Chief Executives in May 1996 requesting that active surveillance be undertaken and that laboratories repo[r]

Regular readers will note that, until now, Table 6 has reported cumulative cases of notifiable diseases for the year by Public Health Unit service areas (either an urban Area or a group [r]