Referring Expressions in Urban Environments: Generating and
Generating Referring Expressions in Open Domains
... Abstract We present an algorithm for generating referring expressions in open domains. Existing algorithms work at the semantic level and assume the avail- ability of a classification for attributes, ...
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Generating a Novel Dataset of Multimodal Referring Expressions
... Referring expressions and definite descriptions of objects in space exploit information about both object characteristics and ...when generating referring ...of referring ...
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Generating Referring Expressions Using Multiple Knowledge Sources
... GENERATING REFERRING EXPRESSIONS USING MULTIPLE KNOWLEDGE SOURCES G E N E R A T I N G R E F E R R I N G E X P R E S S I O N S U S I N G M U L T I P L E K N O W L E D G E S O U R C E S Russell Block Un[.] ...
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Talking about what is not there: Generating indefinite referring expressions in Minecraft
... When generating technical instructions, it is often necessary to describe an object that does not exist ...side.” Generating (indefinite) refer- ring expressions to objects that do not exist yet is ...
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Generating Contrastive Referring Expressions
... Figure 1: Example scene from the GIVE Chal- lenge. track the IF’s behavior to see whether the IF has understood the RE correctly. If the wrong but- ton is pressed, or if a model of IF’s behavior sug- gests that they are ...
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Generating referring expressions with a unification grammar
... It is shown that referring expressions can be gener- ated by a unification grammar provided that some phrase-structure rules are spe- cially tailored to express entities i[r] ...
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Generating Referring Expressions Involving Relations
... Below, we present an algorithm for generating relational descriptions which deals with this spe- cific instance of the problem of repetition.. This is not strictly ne[r] ...
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Generating Referring Expressions that Involve Gradable Properties
... One question emerges when the IA is combined with findings on word order and incremental interpretation. If human speakers and/or writers perform CD incrementally, then why are properties not expressed in the same order ...
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Generating overspecified referring expressions: the role of discrimination
... prefer referring to size as in (b), despite evidence suggesting that colour is overspecified more frequently than ...prefer referring to a spatial relation as in (c) even though the resulting descriptions ...
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Generating effective referring expressions using charts
... Abstract We present a novel approach for generat- ing effective referring expressions (REs). We define a synchronous grammar formal- ism that relates surface strings with the sets of objects they describe ...
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Generating Referring Expressions with Reference Domain Theory
... We presented a reference generation algorithm based on Reference Domain Theory. The main improve- ment of this algorithm over existing approaches is the construction and update of a set of local con- texts called a ...
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Generating Referring Expressions: Making Referents Easy to Identify
... Suppose a referring expression identifies its referent uniquely. Then at least two things can stand in the way of finding its referent: the “difficulty” of the individual properties used in the description (i.e., ...
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Generating Referring Expressions: Boolean Extensions of the Incremental Algorithm
... 4.3 Generating Boolean Descriptions In this section, we will show how full Boolean descriptions can be generated. This can be done in many different ways depending, among other things, on what form of descriptions ...
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Statistical NLG for Generating the Content and Form of Referring Expressions
... This paper argues that a new generic ap- proach to statistical NLG can be made to perform Referring Expression Generation (REG) successfully. The model does not only select attributes and values for refer- ring to ...
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Generating Quantified Referring Expressions with Perceptual Cost Pruning
... 7 Conclusion In this paper, we investigated the problem of gen- erating referring expressions in visual contexts based on differences in the quantity of a target collection and distractor collections. Given ...
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A Computational Model for Generating Referring Expressions in a Multilingual Application Domain
... A presupposed element (presuming) may be- long to the cultural/social context, and therefore be described with a unique reference, or it may belong to the textua[r] ...
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Using aggregation for selecting content when generating referring expressions
... 1. T h e set of possible aggregations can be deter- mined from an aggregation lattice correspond- ing to the data set. T h e set of objects is considered as a rela-[r] ...
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Generating and Interpreting Referring Expressions as Belief State Planning and Plan Recognition
... by generating the power set of all elements in the referential do- main that entail the target description, do not en- tail the distractor, and are consistent with two ar- ity constraints: The target arity ...
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Algorithms for Generating Referring Expressions: Do They Do What People Do?
... of referring ex- pressions: if we want to emulate what people do, then we not only need to design algorithms which mirror their behaviour, but these algorithms have to operate over the same kind of ...
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Learning Lexical Alignment Policies for Generating Referring Expressions for Spoken Dialogue Systems
... descriptive expressions, and is- sues clarification requests at the lexical ...new expressions are held in the user simulation’s short term mem- ory for later use in the ...
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