B24 UNIT: Fraction

DESCRIPTION: Percentage of biomass mixed into the production of coal to liquids fuels.

USE: This is used to decrease CTL life cycle emissions. Essentially applies a discount to Upstream Emissions and Emissions from Combustion based on the percentage of biomass assumed.

SUBSCRIPTS USED: Transportation Technology- Coal to Liquids only DATA SOURCE: Input graph, assumed 30% initial value.

Coal to Liquids Carbon Capture and Storage: UNIT: Fraction

DESCRIPTION: Percentage of emissions from the blender/refiner that are sequestered and stored. USE: Used to reduce the emissions from the blender/refiner step in the production of coal to liquids fuel. SUBSCRIPTS USED: Transportation Technology- Coal to Liquids only

DATA SOURCE: Input graph, assumed 50% initial value. Emissions from Vehicle Construction:

UNIT: Metric Tons CO2e/Trillion BTU

DESCRIPTION: Emission intensity associated with the production of vehicles with particular engine types. USE: Input an emission intensity to assume inclusion of vehicle construction in fuel life cycle assessment. SUBSCRIPTS USED: Engine Fuel Type

DATA SOURCE: None

Indirect Land Use:

UNIT: Metric Ton CO2e/Trillion BTU

DESCRIPTION: Emissions associated with indirect land use changes that occur with the production of fuel feedstocks.

USE: Used to calculate full fuel cycle GHG emissions from fuels. SUBSCRIPTS USED: Transportation Technology

DATA SOURCE: User input. Upstream Emissions Gasoline: UNIT: Metric Tons CO2e/Trillion BTU

DESCRIPTION: Emission intensity associated with the extraction, growth, storage, and/or transportation of feedstocks used to produce fuels. Also includes the accounting of carbon uptake by plants from biofuels. USE: Used to calculate non-combustion emissions associated with gasoline production process from each fuel pathway

SUBSCRIPTS USED: Fuel Pathways

DATA SOURCE: US Department of Energy Argonne National Laboratory Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model, v. 1.8c.0 (2009)

http://www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/GREET/index.html Algae Biodiesel and Adv Biodiesel assumed same as Soybean Biodiesel. Upstream Emissions Diesel:

UNIT: Metric Tons CO2e/Trillion BTU DESCRIPTION: Emission intensity associated with the extraction, growth, storage, and/or transportation of feedstocks used to produce fuels. Also includes the accounting of carbon uptake by plants from biofuels.

USE: Used to calculate non-combustion emissions associated with diesel production process from each fuel pathway SUBSCRIPTS USED: Fuel Pathways

DATA SOURCE: US Department of Energy Argonne National Laboratory Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model, v. 1.8c.0 (2009)

http://www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/GREET/index.html Algae Biodiesel and Adv Biodiesel assumed same as Soybean Biodiesel. Emissions from Blender or Refiner Gasoline:

UNIT: Metric Tons CO2e/Trillion BTU

DESCRIPTION: Emission intensity associated with the blending and/or refining of fuels, marketing and distribution, and storage of gasoline fuel components.

III-B25

USE: Used to calculate non-combustion emissions associated with gasoline blending, refining, marketing, distribution, and storage process from each fuel pathway

SUBSCRIPTS USED: Fuel Pathways

DATA SOURCE: US Department of Energy Argonne National Laboratory Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model, v. 1.8c.0 (2009)

http://www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/GREET/index.html Algae Biodiesel and Adv Biodiesel assumed same as Soybean Biodiesel. Emissions from Blender or Refiner Diesel:

UNIT: Metric Tons CO2e/Trillion BTU

DESCRIPTION: Emission intensity associated with the blending and/or refining of fuels, marketing and distribution, and storage of diesel fuel components.

USE: Used to calculate non-combustion emissions associated with diesel blending, refining, marketing, distribution, and storage process from each fuel pathway

SUBSCRIPTS USED: Fuel Pathways

DATA SOURCE: US Department of Energy Argonne National Laboratory Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model, v. 1.8c.0 (2009)

http://www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/GREET/index.html Algae Biodiesel and Adv Biodiesel assumed same as Soybean Biodiesel. Emissions from Combustion Diesel:

UNIT: Metric Tons CO2e/Trillion BTU

DESCRIPTION: Emission intensity associated with the operation and maintenance of vehicles using blended fuel components.

USE: Used to calculate combustion emissions associated with diesel fuels for each fuel pathway SUBSCRIPTS USED: Transportation Technology

DATA SOURCE: US Department of Energy Argonne National Laboratory Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model, v. 1.8c.0 (2009)

http://www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/GREET/index.html Emissions from Combustion Gasoline:

UNIT: Metric Tons CO2e/Trillion BTU

DESCRIPTION: Emission intensity associated with the operation and maintenance of vehicles using blended fuel components.

USE: Used to calculate combustion emissions associated with diesel fuels for each fuel pathway SUBSCRIPTS USED: Transportation Technology

DATA SOURCE: US Department of Energy Argonne National Laboratory Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model, v. 1.8c.0 (2009)

http://www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/GREET/index.html Drive Train Efficiency Adjustment Factor:

UNIT: Fraction

DESCRIPTION: Drive train related emission intensity adjustment factor to account for the different end fuel use vehicle drive train efficiency (Otherwise known as EER).

USE: Input a drive train efficiency adjustment based on the fuel efficiency of the engine used for each fuel type. SUBSCRIPTS USED: Engine Fuel Type

DATA SOURCE: California Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS), http://www.energy.ca.gov/low_carbon_fuel_standard/index.html

Ferrel, A & Sperling, D. (2007), A Low-carbon Fuel Standard for California Part 1: Technical Analysis. Research report UCB-ITS-TSRC-RR-2007-2, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Berkley Transportation Sustainability Research Center, http://www.energy.ca.gov/low_carbon_fuel_standard/UC_LCFS_study_Part_1-FINAL.pdf TRANSPORTATION-FEDERAL RENEWABLE FUEL STANDARD

Federal Renewable Fuel Standard for Cellulosic Biofuel: UNIT: Fraction

III-B26

DESCRIPTION: Federal fuel standard for cellulosic biofuel as a fraction of total transportation fuel USE: Used to mandate certain levels of cellulosic biofuel use.

SUBSCRIPTS USED: N/A

DATA SOURCE: Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) page, accessed 2009, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/standard/

Federal Renewable Fuel Standard for Advanced Biofuel: UNIT: Fraction

DESCRIPTION: Federal fuel standard for advanced biofuel as a fraction of total transportation fuel USE: Used to mandate certain levels of advanced biofuel use.

SUBSCRIPTS USED: N/A

DATA SOURCE: Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) page, accessed 2009, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/standard/

Federal Renewable Fuel Standard for Conventional Biofuel: UNIT: Fraction

DESCRIPTION: Federal fuel standard for conventional biofuel as a fraction of total transportation fuel USE: Used to mandate certain levels of conventional biofuel use.

SUBSCRIPTS USED: N/A

DATA SOURCE: Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) page, accessed 2009, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/standard/

Federal Renewable Fuel Standard for Biomass Based Diesel: UNIT: Fraction

DESCRIPTION: Federal fuel standard for biomass based diesel as a fraction of total transportation fuel USE: Used to mandate certain levels of biomass based diesel use.

SUBSCRIPTS USED: N/A

DATA SOURCE: Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) page, accessed 2009, http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/standard/ .

Portion of the Vehicle Fleet Composed of Flex Fuel Vehicles: UNIT: Fraction

DESCRIPTION: Assumption of what percentage of gasoline fuel demand is from flex fuel vehicles that can handle higher blends of ethanol.

USE: Input a trend for adoption of flex fuel vehicles as a percentage of the total passenger vehicle fleet. SUBSCRIPTS USED: N/A

DATA SOURCE: Assumption TRANSPORTATION-CO2E CAP TRANSPORTATION-FUEL PRICES Impact of VMT Reducing Policy: UNIT: Dollar/Mile

DESCRIPTION: How much a dollar of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) reduction spending will reduce per vehicle average VMT.

USE: Used to calculate per vehicle VMT given VMT reduction spending. SUBSCRIPTS USED: VMT Reduction Policy

DATA SOURCE: Pansing, C., Schreffler, E.N. & Sillings, M.A. (2007). Comparative evaluation of the cost- effectiveness of 58 transportation control measures. Transportation Research Record, Vol. 1641, Paper No. 98- 1100, http://trb.metapress.com/content/1388t6045gm523n7/

Federal Fuel Energy Based Taxes or Subsidies: UNIT: Dollar/Trillion BTU

DESCRIPTION: Federal energy based taxes or subsidies on fuel. USE: Used to calculate the price of consumer fuels.

III-B27