downstream adv. adj: in the direction of flow in a stream of fluid moving in a line.
downstream market n: the sale of products after they are refined or processed.
downstream pipeline n: a pipeline receiving natural gas from another pipeline
at an interconnection point.
downthrow n: the wall of a fault that has moved relatively downward.
downtime n: 1. time during which rig operations are temporarily suspended because of repairs or maintenance. 2. time during which a well is off production.
dozer n: a powered machine for earthwork excavation; a bulldozer.
DP abbr: drill pipe; used in drilling reports.
draft n: 1. the vertical distance between the bottom of a vessel floating in water and the waterline. 2. a written order drawn on a solvent bank that authorizes payment or a specified sum of money for a specific purpose to a named person. A draft mayor may not be negotiable, depending on how it is drawn up. Also called bank draft.
draft marks n pi: numbers placed on the sides or ends of a floating offshore drilling rig to indicate its draft.
drag n: 1. an excess of draft at the stem of a ship or drill ship, as compared to the bow. 2.
friction between a moving device (such as a bit) and another moving or nonmoving part (such as the formation). 3. the bending of rock strata adjacent to a fault.
drag bit n: any of a variety of drilling bits that have no moving parts. As they are rotated on bottom, elements of the bit make hole by being pressed into the formation and being dragged across it. See fishtail bit.
drag blocks n pi: spring-loaded buttons on a packer that provide friction with casing to retard movement of one section of a packer while another section rotates for setting.
drag fold n: minor folds that form in an incompetent bed when competent beds parallel to it and on each side of it move in opposite directions.
drag springs n: spring-loaded curved metal bands on a packer that operate like drag blocks.
drainage n: the migration of oil or gas in a reservoir toward a wellbore due to pressure reduction caused by the well's penetration of the reservoir. A drainage point is a wellbore (or, in some cases, several wellbores) that drains the reservoir.
drainage clause n: clause in a gas sales contract that states that the pipeline company will attempt to take sufficient volume to prevent the seller from being drained.
drainage radius n: the area of a reservoir in which a single well serves as a point for drainage of reservoir fluids.
drainage relative permeability n:
displacement of hydrocarbons or fluids in a reservoir by increasing the non wetting phase saturation. See nonwetting phase.
drainage time n: a fixed time period for draining a standard capacity measure calibrated "to deliver." The drain period starts when flow ceases and dripping begins and has the same duration as the drain period used when calibrating the standard.
drain sample n: in tank sampling, a sample obtained from the draw-off or discharge valve.
Drake well n: the first well drilled in the United States in search of oil. Some 69 feet (21 metres) deep, it was drilled near Titusville, Pennsylvania, and was completed in 1859. It was named after Edwin L. Drake, who was hired by the well owners to oversee the drilling.
draped anticline n: an anticline composed of sedimentary deposits atop a reef or atoll, along whose flanks greater thicknesses of sediments have been deposited and compacted than atop the reef itself. Also called compaction anticline.
drawdown n: I. the difference between static and flowing bottomhole pressures. 2. the distance between the static level and the pumping level of the fluid in the annulus of a pumping well.
draw-off level n: the height of the valve on a liquid storage tank from which liquid exits the tank.
drawworks n: the hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig. It is essentially a large winch that spools off or takes in the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the drill stem and bit.
drawworks brake n: the mechanical brake on the drawworks that can prevent the drawworks drum from moving.
drawworks drum n: the spool-shaped cylinder in the drawworks around which drilling line is wound, or spooled.
drawworks-drum socket n: a receptacle on the drawworks drum to which the drilling line is attached.
dredged material n: material that is excavated or dredged from water.
dress v: to sharpen, repair, or add accessories to items of equipment (such as drilling bits and tool joints).
drift n: 1. an ocean current's speed of motion. 2. an observed change, usually uncontrolled, in meter performance, meter factor, etc., that occurs over a period of time.
v: 1. to move slowly out of alignment, off center, or out of register. 2. to gauge or measure pipe by means of a mandrel passed through it to ensure the passage of tools, pumps, and so on.
drift angle n: the angle at which a wellbore deviates from the vertical, expressed in degrees, as revealed by a directional survey.
Also called angle of deviation, angle of drift, and inclination. See directional survey.
drift bottle n: a bottle released at sea to measure currents. It contains a card stating the date and location of release. The person who finds the bottle writes on the card the date and location of the bottle's recovery and returns the card. Also called a floater.
drift card n: a card encased in a buoyant, waterproof envelope that is used to mea- sure currents. The card states the date and location of release. The person who finds it writes on it the date and place that it was found and returns it.
drift diameter n: 1. in drilling, the effective hole size. 2. in casing, the guaranteed minimum diameter of the casing. The drift diameter is important because it indicates whether the casing is large enough for a specified size of bit to pass through.
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drift indicator 60 drilling fluid analysis
drift indicator n: a device dropped or run down the drill stem on a wireline to a point just above the bit to measure the inclination of the well off vertical at that point. It does not measure the direction of the inclination. drift survey n: see deviation survey.
drill v: to bore a hole in the earth, usually to find and remove subsurface formation fluids such as oil and gas.
drillable adj: pertaining to packers and other tools left in the wellbore to be broken up later by the drill bit. Drillable equipment is made of cast iron, aluminum, plastic, or other soft, brittle material.
drillable squeeze packer n: a permanent packer, drillable in nature, capable of withstanding extreme working pressures, for remedial work. It has a positive flow-control valve built in.
drill ahead v: to continue drilling operations.
drill around v: 1. to deflect the wellbore away from an obstruction in the hole. 2.
(slang) to get the better of someone (e.g.,
"He drilled around me and got the promotion").
drill barge n: a floating offshore drilling unit with the configuration of a ship but not self-propelled. Compare drill ship.
drill bit n: the cutting or boring element used for drilling. See bit.
drill collar n: a heavy, thick-walled tube, usually steel, used between the drill pipe and the bit in the drill stem to provide weight to the bit.
drill collar clamp n: see safety clamp. drill collar slips n pi: see slips.
drill collar sub n: a sub made up between the drill string and the drill collars that is used to ensure that the drill pipe and the collar can be joined properly.
drill column n: see drill stem.
drilled show n: oil or gas in the mud circulated to the surface.
driller n: the employee directly in charge of a drilling or workover rig and crew. The driller's main duty is operation of the drilling and hoisting equipment, but this person is also responsible for downhole condition of the well, operation of downhole tools, and pipe measurements.
driller's BOP control panel n: a series of controls on the rig floor that the driller manipulates to open and close the blowout preventers.
driller's console n: a metal cabinet on the rig floor containing the controls that the driller manipulates to operate various components of the drilling rig.
driller's control panel n: see driller's con- sole.
driller's log n: a record that describes each formation encountered and lists the drilling time relative to depth, usually in 5- to IO-foot (1.5- to 3-metre) intervals.
driller's method n: a well-killing method involving two complete and separate circulations. The first circulates the kick out of the well; the second circulates heavier mud through the wellbore.
driller's panel n: see driller's console.
driller's position n: the area immediately surrounding the driller's console.
driller's report n: a record kept on the rig for each tour to show the footage drilled. tests made on drilling fluid, bit record, and other noteworthy items. It is usually telephoned or radioed to the drilling contractor's main office every morning and is therefore sometimes called the morning report.
driller's side n: a panel, or console, on the left side of the drawworks (looking at it from the front).
drill floor n: also called rig floor or derrick floor. See rig floor.
drill in v: to penetrate the productive for- mation after the casing is set and cemented on top of the pay zone.
drill-in fluid n: a drilling fluid specially formulated to minimize formation damage as the borehole penetrates the producing zone.
See formation damage. Compare completion fluid.
drilling and delay rental clause n: the clause in an oil and gas lease that allows the lease to expire after a given period of time (often 1 year from the date of the lease) unless drilling begins or delay rental is paid.
Also called "unless" clause.
drilling and spacing unit n: a parcel of land of the size required or permitted by statutory law or by regulations of a state conservation body for drilling an oil or gas well. Also called a proration unit.
drilling blind n: drilling without mud returns, as in the case of severe lost circulation.
drilling block n: a lease or a number of leases of adjoining tracts of land that
constitute a unit of acreage sufficient to justify the expense of drilling a wildcat.
drilling break n: a sudden increase in the drill bit's rate of penetration. It sometimes indicates that the bit has penetrated a high- pressure zone and thus warns of the possibility of a kick.
drilling contract n: an agreement made between a drilling company and an operating company to drill and complete a well. It sets forth the obligation of each party, compensation, identification, method of drilling, depth to be drilled, and so on.
drilling contractor n: an individual or group of individuals who own a drilling rig or mast and contract their services for drilling wells to a certain depth.
drilling control n: a device that controls the rate of penetration by maintaining a pre- determined constant weight on the bit. Also called an automatic driller or automatic drilling control unit.
drilling crew n: a driller, a derrickhand, and two or more helpers who operate a drilling or workover rig for one tour each day.
drilling draft n: the depth at which a drilling rig rests below the water's surface.
drilling engine n: an internal-combustion engine used to power a drilling rig. From two to six engines are used on a rotary rig and are usually fueled by diesel fuel, although liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, and, very rarely, gasoline can also be used.
drilling engineer n: an engineer who specializes in the technical aspects of drilling.
drilling fluid n: circulating fluid, one function of which is to lift cuttings out of the wellbore and to the surface. It also serves to cool the bit and to counteract downhole formation pressure. Although a mixture of barite, clay, water, and other chemical additives is the most common drilling fluid, wells can also be drilled by using air, gas, water, or oil-base mud as the drilling mud. Also called circulating fluid, drilling mud. See mud.
drilling fluid analysis n: see mud analysis.
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drilling-fluid cycle time 61 drill site opinion
drilling-fluid cycle time n: the time required for the pump to move drilling fluid down the hole and back to the surface. The cycle in minutes equals the barrels of mud in the hole divided by barrels per minute.
drilling foreman n: the supervisor of drilling or workover operations on a rig. Also called a rig manager, rig supervisor, rig superintendent, or toolpusher.
drilling bead n: a special rotating head that has a gear-and-pinion drive arrangement to allow turning of the kelly and simultaneous sealing of the kelly against well pressure.
drilling hook n: the large hook mounted on the bottom of the traveling block and from which the swivel is suspended. When drilling, the entire weight of the drill stem is suspended from the hook.
drilling in n: the operation during the drilling procedure at the point of drilling into the pay formation.
drilling line n: a wire rope used to support the drilling tools. Also called the rotary line.
drilling mud n: a specially compounded liquid'circulated through the wellbore during rotary drilling operations. See drilling fluid, mud.
drilling out n: the operation during the drill- ing procedure when the cement is drilled out of the casing before further hole is made or completion is attempted.
drilling pattern n: see well spacing.
drilling platform rig n: see platform rig.
drilling rate n: the speed with which the bit drills the formation; usually called the rate of penetration (ROP).
drilling recorder n: an instrument that records hook load, rate of penetration, rotary speed and torque, pump rate and pressure, mud flow, and so forth during drilling. drilling rig n: see rig.
drilling slot n: see keyway.
drilling spool n: a fitting placed in the blow-out preventer stack to provide space between preventers for facilitating stripping operations, to permit attachment of choke and kill lines, and for localizing possible erosion by fluid flow to the spool instead of to the more expensive pieces of equipment.
drilling superintendent n: an employee, usually of a drilling contractor, who is in charge of all drilling operations that the contractor is engaged in. Also called a toolpusher, rig manager, rig supervisor, or drilling foreman.
drilling template n: see temporary guide base.
drilling time log n: a record of the time required for a hole to be drilled; it is a record of the rate of penetration of the bit through various formations encountered during the drilling of a well.
drilling under pressure n: the continuation of drilling operations while maintaining a seal at the top of the wellbore to prevent the well fluids from blowing out.
drilling unit n: the acreage allocated to a well when a regulatory agency grants a well permit.
drill-off test n: a method of detennining optimum weight on bit and overall bit performance. A given amount of weight is put on the bit and the drawworks brake is tied off so that no more weight is applied to the bit as it drills. The time it takes for the bit to stop drilling ahead with the given amount of weight is measured. Different weights are applied and the times are compared to determine which amount is best.
drill out v: 1. to remove with the bit the residual cement that normally remains in the lower section of casing and the wellbore after the casing has been cemented. 2. to remove the settlings and cavings that are plugged inside a hollow fish (such as drill pipe) during a fishing operation.
drillout tool n: a device used to remove settlings and cavings that are plugged inside a hollow fish (such as drill pipe) during a fishing operation. It consists of a body inside of which is a hexagonal kelly tipped with a junk mill. It is run on drill pipe to the top of the fish.
drill pipe n: seamless steel or aluminum pipe made up in the drill stem between the kelly or top drive on the surface and the drill collars on the bottom. During drilling, it is usually rotated while drilling fluid is circulated through it. Joints of pipe about 30 feet long are coupled together by means of tool joints.
drill pipe body n: the tubular part of the drill pipe between the tool joints, which are on each end of the pipe.
drill pipe cutter n: a tool to cut drill pipe stuck in the hole. Tools that cut the pipe either internally or externally, permitting some of it to be withdrawn, are available. Jet cutoff or chemical cutoff is also used to free stuck pipe.
drill pipe float n: a check valve installed in the drill stem that allows mud to be pumped down the drill stem but prevents flow back up the drill stem. Also called a float.
drill pipe pressure n: the amount of pressure exerted inside the drill pipe as a result of circulating pressure, entry of formation pressure into the well, or both.
drill pipe pressure gauge n: an indicator, mounted in the mud circulating system, that measures and indicates the amount of pressure in the drill stem. See drill stem.
drill pipe protector n: an antifriction device of rubber or steel attached to each joint of drill pipe to minimize wear.
drill pipe rubber n: a rubber or elastomer disk that is placed around a joint of drill pipe and is held stationary below the rotary table.
As pipe is removed from the well, the rubber wipes mud off the outside of the pipe to minimize corrosion.
drill pipe safety valve n: see lower kelly cock.
drill pipe slips n pI: see slips.
drill ship n: a self-propelled floating off- shore drilling unit that is a ship constructed to permit a well to be drilled from it. Although not as stable as semisubmersibles, drill ships are capable of drilling exploratory wells in deep, remote waters. See floating offshore drilling rig.
drill site n: the location of a drilling rig.
drill site opinion n: the written statement of opinion for a title examiner on the status of the title to a drill site. usually in letter form.
Compare division order opinion, title opinion.
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drill stem safety valve n: a special valve normally installed below the kelly. Usually, the valve is open so that drilling fluid can flow out of the kelly and down the drill stem. It can, however, be manually closed with a special wrench when necessary. In one case, the valve is closed and broken out, still attached to the kelly to prevent drilling mud in the kelly from draining onto the rig floor. In another case, when kick pressure inside the drill stem exists, the drill stem safety valve is closed to prevent the pressure from escaping up the drill stem. Also called lower kelly cock, mud saver valve.
drill stem test (DST) n: the conventional method of formation testing. The basic drill stem test tool consists of a packer or
drill stem test (DST) n: the conventional method of formation testing. The basic drill stem test tool consists of a packer or