run pipe or tools into the well against pressure when the weight of pipe is not great enough to force the pipe through the BOPs).
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snubber 193 solid desiccant dehydration system
Snubbing usually requires an array of wireline blocks and wire rope that forces the pipe or tools into the well through a stripper head or blowout preventer until the weight of the string is sufficient to overcome the lifting effect of the well pressure on the pipe in the preventer. In workover opera- tions, snubbing is usually accomplished by using hydraulic power to force the pipe through the stripping head or blowout preventer. 2. to tie up short with a line.
snubber n: 1. a device that mechanically or hydraulically forces pipe or tools into the well against pressure. 2. a device within some hooks that acts as a shock absorber in eliminating the bouncing action of pipe as it is picked up.
snubbing n: the process of lowering pipe into the wellbore when the well is shut in on a kick and when the pipe's weight is not sufficient to overcome the force of well pressure.
snubbing unit n: either a stand-alone device or a rig-assist device that is used to force pipe into the well when the well is shut in on a kick. When the pipe's weight is not sufficient to overcome the upward force of well pressure, a snubbing unit must be used. Compare stripping in.
snub line n: a strong wire rope attached to the end of the tongs and to one leg of the
derrick to keep the tongs from turning too far when they are being used to make up, break out, or back up drill pipe or drill collars. snuffer n: a tank safety device that seals the vapor vent manually and prevents vapor from escaping into a fire, thus snuffing out the flame.
SO abbr: show of oil; used in drilling reports. SO2 form: sulfur dioxide.
soak phase n: in cyclic steam injection, the period between the steam injection phase and the production phase.
soap n: the sodium or potassium salt of a high-molecular-weight fatty acid. Commonly used in drilling fluids to improve lubrication, emulsification, sample size, and defoaming.
Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) n: official publications are Geophys- ics and The Leading Edge of Exploration. Address: Box 702740; 1\11sa, OK 74170; (918) 493-3516.
sodium vapor lamp n: a high-intensity discharge lamp in which the gas is a mixture of sodium and mercury. It starts with the arcing of xenon gas between the main electrodes and gives off a yellow-orange color.
Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) n: organization of registered petroleum engineers. Its official publications are Journal of Petroleum Technology, SPE Drilling Engineering, SPE Production Engineering, SPE Formation Evaluation, and SPE Reservoir Engineering. Address: Box 833836; Richardson, TX 75083-3836; (972) 952- 9393; fax (972) 952-9435.
socket n: 1. a hollow object or open device that fits or holds an object. 2. any of several fishing tools used to grip the outside of a lost tool or a joint of pipe. 3. in crane operations, a device on one end of a wire rope into which the wire rope is inserted and firmly attached.
socket basket n: the conical portion of a socket into which a wire rope end is inserted and secured. See socket.
sock filter n: a cylindrical-shaped filter made of cloth that fits inside a special holder in the line conducting the liquid to be filtered. Often used in glycol dehydration systems to filter glycol.
soda ash n: see sodium carbonate. sodium (Na) n: one of the alkali metal elements with a valence of 1, an atomic number of about 23. Numerous sodium compounds are used as additives to drilling fluids.
sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP) n: a thinner used in combination with barite, caustic soda, and fresh water to form a plug and seal off a zone of lost circulation. sodium bicarbonate n: the half-neutralized sodium salt of carbonic acid, NaHCO2, used extensively for treating cement contamination and occasionally other calcium contamination in drilling fluids. sodium bichromate n: Na2Cr2O7. Also called sodium dichromate. See chroma/e. sodium carbonate n: Na2CO3, used extensively for treating various types of calcium contamination. Also called soda ash.
sodium carboxymethyl cellulose n: see carboxymethyl cellulose.
sodium chloride n: common table salt, NaCl. It is sometimes used in cement slurries as an accelerator or a retarder, depending on the concentration.
sodium chromate n: Na2CrO4. See chromate.
sodium hydroxide n: see caustic soda. sodium polyacrylate n: a synthetic high- molecular-weight polymer of acrylonitrile used primarily as a fluid loss-control agent. sodium silicate muds n pi: special class of inhibited chemical muds using as their bases sodium silicate, salt. water. and clay. soft crossover system n: a pattern of drum spooling in which the wore rope travels in a two-step grooving pattern but has flat or level areas for crossing over to act as shock absorbers for the rope and to reduce the rise or hump produced in all multiwrapping of wire rope.
soft line n: a fibre rope.
soft shut-in n: in well-control operations, closing the BOPs with the choke and HCR, or fail-safe, valves open. Compare hard shut-in.
soft water n: water that is free of calcium or magnesium salts. Compare hard water. SO&G abbr: show of oil and gas; used in drilling reports.
soil stress n: the uneven penetration of pipe-line coatings due to changes in soil volume and moisture along the pipeline bed. sol n: a colloidal solution. See also colloid. solar cell n: a device made up of silicon and silicon crystals to convert sunlight directly and efficiently into useful amounts of electricity. Also called a sun battery. solar radiation n: the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun.
solar tide n: that portion of a tide that is due to the gravitational attraction of the sun on the earth.
SOLAS rules n pi: see safety of life at sea rules.
solenoid n: a cylindrical coil of wire that resembles a bar magnet when it carries a current so that it draws a movable core into the coil when the current flows.
solid n: one of the three physical states of matter. A solid is somewhat rigid and bounds itself internally in all dimensions; therefore, it does not require a container to retain its shape.
solid-body kelly bushing n: a kelly bushing that i.. cast in a single piece. Compare split- body kelly bushing. See also kelly bushing. solid desiccant dehydration system n: see dry-bed dehydratol:
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solid master bushing 194 SP
solid master bushing n: a master bushing made in one piece. Usually, solid master bushings have split insert bowls. Compare hinged master bushing, split master bushing. See also insert bowl, master bushing. solids concentration n: total amount of solids in a drilling fluid as determined by distillation. Includes both the dissolved and the suspended or undissolved solids. solid solution n: a homogeneous crystal- line structure in which one or more types of atoms or molecules may be partly substituted for the original atoms or molecules without changing the structure. solids removal equipment n: the devices installed in the mud circulating system that remove such solids as sand, silt, and other particles that may be in the drilling mud. solid waste n: a US government term for waste that is in solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous form. A solid waste can be anything that is discarded or may be discarded.
solid wireIine n: a special wireline made of brittle but very strong steel, usually 0.066 to 0.092 inches (0.17 to 0.23 centimetres) in diameter (as opposed to stranded wirelines, which may be <Ii § inch--O.47 centimetre- or larger). Solid, or slick, wirelines are used in depth measurements and in ruing special devices into a well under pressure.
solubility n: the degree to which a substance will dissolve in a particular solvent.
solute n: a substance that is dissolved in another (the solvent).
solution n: a single, homogeneous liquid, solid, or gas phase that is a mixture in which the components (liquid, gas, solid, or combinations thereof) are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. In a solution, the dissolved substance is called the solute; the substance in which the solute is dissolved is called the solvent.
solution gas n: lighter hydrocarbons that exist as a liquid under reservoir conditions but that effervesce as gas when pressure is released during production.
solution-gas drive n: a source of natural reservoir energy in which the solution gas coming out of the oil expands to force the oil into the well bore.
solution gas-oil ratio n: see gas-oil ratio. solvent n: a substance, usually liquid, in which another substance (the solute) dissolves.
sonar n: an apparatus that detects the presence of an underwater object by sending out sonic or supersonic waves that are reflected back. to it by the object. sonde n: a logging tool assembly, especially the device in the logging assembly that senses and transmits formation data.
sonic flow nozzle n: a specially designed nozzle that is installed in a line through which fluids are flowing. It is used to measure the volume of fluids. It works on the same principle as an orifice plate in that the nozzle causes a pressure drop from which volume of flow can be inferred. It is used where the velocity of flow is particularly high because the pressure loss through the nozzle is lower than through an orifice. See orifice plate.
sonic log n: a type of acoustic log that records the travel time of sounds through objects, cement, or formation rocks. Often used to determine whether voids exist in the cement behind the casing in a well bore. sonic logging n: see acoustic well logging. sonic meter n: see ultrasonic mete,; sorb v: to take up and hold by adsorption or absorption.
sorbent n: a material that absorbs oil or to which oil adheres.
sorber n: a vessel for absorption, adsorption, or desorption.
sorting n: a dynamic process by which different-sized sediments are separated from one another and deposited in different locations or layers as relatively uniform deposits. For instance, a high-energy mountain stream may leave only large cobbles and gravel in one location and carry finer sediments downstream to accumulate in a lower-energy environment, such as a lake.
sour adj: containing or caused by hydrogen sulfide or another acid gas (e.g., sour crude, sour gas, sour corrosion).
source-detector spacing n: the spacing on a neutron logging device between the neutron source and the detector. Total count rate, porosity resolution, and borehole effects influence source-detector spacing. The spacing is selected specifically for the source-detector characteristics exhibited by each device; optimum spacings must be determined for each tool.
source rock n: rock within which oil or gas is generated from organic materials. source-specific natural gas sales contract n: a natural gas sales contract that
commits the seller to deliver natural gas, usually within a stated maximum and minimum, from specific described and committed natural gas reserves or sources. Such contracts are usually drafted to commit the seller to deliver natural gas only to the extent it can be produced or produced economically from the committed reserves or sources.
source station n: a pump station at a pipe- line junction from which oil is pumped from a main line into a branch or lateral line. sour corrosion n: embrittlement and subsequent wearing away of metal caused by contact of the metal with hydrogen sulfide.
sour crude n: see sour crude oil.
sour crude oil n: oil containing hydrogen sulfide or another acid gas.
sour gas n: gas containing an appreciable quantity of hydrogen sulfide and/or mercaptans.
sour hole n: a wellbore or formation known to contain hydrogen sulfide gas.
Southern Gas Association (SGA) n: an organization founded to promote the development of the gas distribution and transmission industry, to encourage scientific research affecting the industry, to exchange ideas and information among member companies, and to cooperate with other organizations having mutual objectives. SGA is the largest of four regional gas organizations started in 1908. Address: 3030 LBJ Freeway, Suite 1300. LB60; Dallas, TX 75234; (972) 620-8505; fax (972) 620-8518.
southwest monsoon n: the rainy season in southern Asia.
sovereign n: in the case of land, the government that holds and is capable of transferring title.
Soxhlet extractor n: a device used to extract oil and water from a core sample. A solvent vaporizes from a half-filled flask at the bottom of the extractor. Vapor rises to the top chamber and condenses there. The condensed vapor moves to the middle chamber until it is filled. Then the solvent is siphoned back through the sample to clean it.
SP abbr: spontaneous potential or self- potential.
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space-out 195 SPCC
space-out n: the act of ensuring that a pipe ram preventer will not close on a drill pipe tool joint when the drill stem is stationary. A pup joint is made up in the drill string to Iengthen it sufficiently. v: to position the correct number of feet (or metres) or joints of pipe from the packer to the surface tree, or from the rig floor to the blowout preventer stack.
space-out joint n: the joint of drill pipe that is used in hang-off operations so that no tool joint is opposite a set of preventer rams. spacer n: 1. a thickened fluid that displaces drilling mud because of the difference in viscosity and weight between the spacer and the mud. Besides carrying lost circulation materials, spacers may be weighted with various inert materials such as fly ash and barite. 2. member of a pipeline construction gang who is responsible for assuring that the exact distance between the beveled pipe ends for a welding process to be used on the joint is maintained. Spacers strike a wedge into the interface between the pipe bevels and then maneuver them to an exact, uniform distance around the entire circumference.
spacing n: 1. in electric well logging, refers to the distance between electrodes on a logging tool. Electrode spacing affects the depth of investigation of the tool into the formation. 2. see well spacing.
spacing clamp n: a clamp used to hold the rod string in pumping position when the well is in the final stages of being put back on the pump.
spacing-out n: positioning the correct number of feet or joints of pipe from the packer to the surface tree, or from the rig floor to the stack
spaghetti n: tubing or pipe with a very small diameter.
spall v: to break off in chips or scales, as on