fire bending n: one of the earliest methods for bending pipe. The joint was first placed over a small bonfire and, when the heat had rendered it sufficiently malleable, it was placed against a tree and pressure was applied until the desired benk was achieved. Fire bends significantly weakened the pipe. A cold-work process is less damaging. fired heater n: a furnace in which natural gas or ther fuel is burned to heat the gas or liquid passing through the furnace tubes. fire flooding n: see in situ conbustion. fire hazard n: flammable, combustible pyrophoric and oxidizer (as defined by the Code of Federal Regulations.)
fireman n: the member of the crew on a steam-powered rig who is responsible for care and operation of the boilers. Compare matorman.
fire point n: the temperature at which a petroleum product burns continuously after being ignited. See flash point.
fire tube n: a pipe, or set of pipes, within a tank through which steam or hot gases are passed to warm a liquid or gas in the tank. See steam coil.
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filler-wire strand 76 filler-wire strand
76 fire wall n: a structure erected to contain
petroleum or a petroleum-fed fire in case a storage vessel ruptures or collapses. Usually a dike is built around the petroleum storage tank and a steel or stone wall is put up between the prime movers and the oil pumps in a pipeline pumping station. firing line n: in pipeline construction. the welding crew that takes over after the root pass and the hot pass have been made. The firing line is responsible for the filler pass and the cap bead, which complete the joint. first responder awareness level n: attaining level achieved by any employee who has been HAZWOPER trained to witness the release, make proper notifications, and take no further action. In other words, if the employee has been trained to recognise an emergency and to notify the proper people, this person has attained the first responder awareness level. first responder operational level n: a training level achieved by any employee who has been HAZWOPER trained to take a defensive role in emergency response. In other words, the employee is not trained to stop the release, but rather to help contain the release from a safe distance and to prevent exposure.
first sale of natural gas n: defined by the FERC as any sale of natural gas to any interstate pipeline or intrastate pipeline, to any local distribution company, or to any per- son for use by such person.
first sale of NGL/NGLP n: defined by FERC as the first transfer for value to a class of purchaser for which a fixed price per unit of volume is determined.
fish n: an object that is left in the wellbore during drilling or workover operations and that must be recovered before work can proceed. It can be anything froo1 a piece of scrap metal to a part of the drill stem. v: 1. to recover from a well any equipment left there during drilling operations, such as a lost bit or drill collar or part of the drill string. 2. to remove from an older well certain pieces of equipment (such as packers. liners, or screen liner) to allow reconditioning of the well.
fish eyes n pi: the appearance of the surface of the mud in a mud pit when dry polymer fails to dissolve fully in the mud.
fishing n: the procedure of recovering lost or stuck equipment in the wellbore. See fish. fishing assembly n: seefishing string. fishing head n: a specialised fixture on a downhole tool that will allow the tool to be fished out after its use downhole. See fish. fishing magnet n: a powerful permanent magnet designed to recover metallic objects lost in a well.
fishing neck n: a device placed on a piece of equipment that is lowered into a wellbore so that the equipment may be retrieved by wireline.
fishing string n: an assembly of tools made up on drill pipe that is lowered into the hole to retrieve lost or stuck equipment. Also called a fishing assembly.
fishing tap n: a tool that goes inside pipe lost in a well to provide a firm grip and permit recovery of the fish. Sometimes used in place of a spear.
fishing tool n: a tool designed to recover equipment lost in a well.
fishing-tool operator n: the person (usually a service company employee) in charge of directing fishing operations.
fishtail bit n: a drilling bit with cutting edges of hard alloys. Developed about 1900, and first used with the rotary system of drilling, it is still useful . drilling very soft formations. Also called drag bit
fissure n: a crack 0 fracture in a subsurface formation.
fitting n: a small, often standardised, part
(such as a coupling, valve, or gauge) installed in a larger apparatus.
five-spot n: four input or injection wells located in a square pattern with the production well in the centre.
fixed choke n: a choke whose opening is one size only, that is, not adjustable. Compare adjustable choke.
fixed clearance pocket n: a clearance pocket that, when open, adds a specific volume to a compressor cylinder.
fixed costs n pi: costs that do not vary with the level of operation or units produced or sold. Examples are land costs, depreciation. and license fees.
fixed-head bit n: any bit. such as a diamond bit. whose cutting elements do not move on
the face. or head. of the bit. Compare roller- cone bit.
fixed pump n: a type of downhole hydraulic pump that is attached to the end of tubing; the tubing must be pulled to service the pump. See hydraulic pump. Compare free pump.
fixed-rate contract n: a contract that enjoys a known rate of dollars per million Btus during every month of sale; the rate paid may change from month to month. however. fixed-rate royalty n: royalty calculated on the basis of a fixed rate per unit of production. without regard to the actual proceeds received from the sale of such production.
fix-factored correction n: a meter correction to which a constant temperature or pressure correction is applied.
ft abbr: flowed or flowing; used in drilling reports.
flag n: 1. a piece of cloth. rope. or nylon strand used to mart the wireline when swabbing or bailing. 2. an indicator of wind direction used during drilling or workover operations where hydrogen sulphide (sour) gas may be encountered. v: 1. to signal or attract attention. 2. in swabbing or bailing. to attach a piece of cloth to the wireline to enable the operator to estimate the position of the swab or bailer in the well.
flag arm n: in a two-diaphragm. four- chamber diaphragm displacement meter. the link- age that transfers oscillating motion from the flag rods to turn a tangent and crank assembly.
flammable adj: capable of being easily ignited. Sometimes the term "inflammable" is used. But flammable is preferred because it correctly describes the condition.
flange n: a projecting rim or edge (as on pipe fittings and openings in pumps and vessels), usually drilled with holes to allow bolting to other flanged fittings.
flanged fitting n: a device that holds an orifice plate centred in the line in which a fluid is flowing. It consists of two pieces that are joined by placing them together and tightening bolts and nuts. The orifice plate fits between the two pieces. To remove or inspect the orifice plate in a flanged fitting. the line must be bled and the flow of fluid rerouted so that no pressure exists on the fitting.
flanged orifice fitting n: a two-piece orifice fitting with flanged faces that are bolted together.
flange tap n: in a flanged orifice fitting. a threaded hole on each side of the orifice plate into which are screwed lines that connect the fitting with the flow recorder.
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flange union 77 Boating tap
77 flange union n: a device in which two
matching flanges are used to join the ends of two sections of pipe.
flange up v: 1. to use flanges to make final connections on a piping system. 2. (slang) to complete any operation, as in, "They flanged up the meeting and went home."
flapper valve n: a hinged closure mechanism operating in a pivot manner. used to shut off tubing flow. Also called a kickstand valve.
flare n: an arrangement of piping and burners used to dispose (by burning) of surplus combustible vapours, usually situated near a gasoline plant, refinery, or producing well. v: to dispose of surplus combustible vapours by igniting them in the atmosphere. Raring is rarely used, because of the high value of gas and the stringent air pollution controls.
flare gas n: gas or vapour that is flared. flare line n: a line (pipe) that comes out of a mud-gas separator and carries the separated gas a safe distance away from the rig. Usually, the gas is disposed of by burning, or flaring.
flare pit n: on land rigs, an earthen pit dug at the end of the flare line. Gas is flared over the flare pit to protect the surrounding area from heat and fire.
flash n: the sudden vaporisation of a liquid caused by a rapid decrease in pressure and/or an increase in temperature.
flash gas n: gas released from liquid hydrocarbons as a result of an increase in temperature or a decrease in pressure. flashing n: the continuing process by which a liquid is caused to flash.
flash point n: the temperature at which a petroleum product ignites momentarily but does not bum continuously. Compare fire point.
flash point check n: test made to verify that each product vaporises within the specified proper temperature range.
flash set n: a premature thickening or setting of cement slurry, which makes it unpumpable.
flash tank n: a vessel used for separating the liquid phase from the gaseous phase formed from a rise in temperature and/or a reduction of pressure on the flowing stream. flash welding n: 1. a form of resistance butt welding used to weld wide, thick members or members with irregular faces together, and tubing to tubing. 2. in pipeline construction, a welding technique in which low voltage is applied to each pipe joint while the ends are in light contact. This contact produces a rapid arcing, called flashing. After the pipe ends have been adequately heated, the current is abruptly increased, and die pipe joints are brought together rapidly and
forcefully. The current is then reduced, excess flash material in the pipe is cleared. and the weld is completed.
flat n: see kelly flat.
flat gel n: a condition wherein the 10-minute gel strength is substantially equal to the initial gel strength.
flat pricing n: pricing directly from the posting, without reference to gravity. fleet angle n: the angle created by drilling line between the drawworks drum and die fast sheave. The line is parallel to the sheave groove at only one point on the drum. As the rope moves from this point either way. the fleet angle is created. The fleet angle should be held to a minimum-less than 1.5 degrees for grooved drums. flexible drill pipe n: specially manufactured drill pipe that has several pressure- tight joints over the length of the pipe. These joints allow the pipe to bend considerably more than regular drill pipe and are used in directional wells (especially horizontal ones) where the angle of deflection from vertical is relatively abrupt.
flex joint n: a device that provides a flexible connection between the riser pipe and the subsea blowout preventers. By accommodating lateral movement of a mobile offshore drilling rig, flex joints help to prevent a build up of abnormal bending load pressure.
flipped adj: when the opposite occurs of what is intended in a drilling fluid. In an invert water-in-oil emulsion, the emulsion is said to be flipped when the continuous and dispersed phases reverse.
float n: 1. an element of a level-control assembly designed to operate while partially or completely submerged in a liquid the level of which is controlled by the assembly. The buoyancy of the liquid activates the float and the control valve to which it is linked and modifies the rate of the inflow or the outflow of the vessel to maintain a preset level. 2. a drill pipe float. 3. a long flat-bed semi-trailer.
A float collar also prevents backflow of cement during a cementing operation. floater n: see drift bottle. floating offshore drilling rig.
float guide wires n pi: solid wires or flexible cables used to guide the travel of an automatic gauge float.
floating cover n: a lightweight covering of either metal or plastic material designed to float on the surface of the liquid in a tank. Alternatively, it may be supported by a float system so that it is just above the free liquid surface. Used to minimise the evaporation of volatile products in a tank.
floating offshore drilling rig n: a type of mobile offshore drilling unit that floats and is not in contact with the seafloor (except with anchors) when it is in the drilling mode. Floating units include barge rigs, drill ships, and semi-submersibles. See mobile offshore drilling unit.
floating roof n: a tank covering that rests on the surface of a hydrocarbon liquid in the tank and rises and falls with the liquid level. A floating roof eliminates vapour space above the liquid in the tank and conserves light fractions of the liquid.
floating roof tank n: a tank in which the roof floats freely on the surface of the liquid contents except at low levels, when the weight of the roof is transmitted by its supporting legs to the tank bottom.
floating screen n: a lightweight metal or plastic covering that is arranged to float on the surface of a liquid in a container to retard evaporation.
Boating tank n: a tank with its main gate valve open to the main line at a station. Oil may thus enter or leave the tank as pumping rates in the main line vary.
Boating tap system 11: a type of tap sampling system found on liquid storage tanks. The permanently installed taps on the out- side of the tank are attached to pipes and a floating boom inside the tank that rises and falls with the liquid level.
float collar n: a special coupling device inserted one or two joints above the bottom of the casing string that contains a check valve to permit fluid to pass downward but not upward through the casing. The float collar prevents drilling mud from entering the casing while it is being lowered, allowing die casing to float during its descent and thus decreasing die load on die derrick or mast. pdfMachine
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float shoe 78 flow recorder
78 float shoe n: a short. heavy, cylindrical steel
section with a rounded bottom that is attached to the bottom of the casing string. It contains a check valve and functions similarly to the float collar but also serves as a guide shoe for the casing.
float switch n: a switch in a circuit that is opened or closed by the action of a float and that maintains a predetermined level of liquid in a vessel.
float valve n: see drill pipe float.
float well n: an enclosure built into the roof of a floating roof tank to contain and guide the float of an automatic tank gauge. flocculates n pi: chemicals that, when added to a liquid, cause it to coagulate. flocculating agent n: material or chemical agent that enhances flocculation.
flocculation n: the coagulation of solids in a drilling fluid, produced by special additives or by contaminants.
fIocs abbr: flocculates.
floe n: a floating ice field of any size. flood v: 1. to drive oil from a reservoir into a well by injecting water under pressure into the reservoir formation. See water flooding. 2. to drown out a well with water.
floodable length n: the length of a ship or mobile offshore drilling rig that may be flooded without its sinking below its safety or margin line, usually a few inches below the freeboard deck.
flood current n: the movement of the tidal current toward the shore.
flood district office n: state or local office that is concerned with areas that are subject to flooding. This office can help deter- mine if a site is in the floodplain and what locations may be involved in flooding. In the event of a hazardous materials incident, these offices can help determine the route of runoff from the incident.
floor crew n: those workers on a drilling or workover rig who work primarily on the rig floor. See rotary Mlper.
floorhand n: see rotary helper. floorman n: see rotary helper.
flora n pi: the plants of a given region or period considered as a whole.
fIotation cell n: a large, cylindrical tank in which water that is slightly oil-contaminated is circulated to be cleaned before it is disposed of overboard or into a disposal well. Since oil droplets cling to rapidly rising gas, a device such as a bubble tower is usually installed in the cell to permit the introduction of gas into the water.
flotation level n: the depth of submergence of a buoyant automatic gauge float in a liquid of known density or weight.
flotation vest n: most commonly worn by sport divers to overcome the buoyancy effect of water and keep them afloat in the
proper position. Carbon dioxide cartridges inside the vest are fired when inflation is necessary.
flow n: a current or stream of fluid. flowback n: fluids moving up the well. flow bean n: a plug with a small hole drilled through it, placed in the flow line at a well- head to restrict flow if it is too high. Com- pare chou.
flow by beads v: to produce intermittently. flow chart n: a record made by a recording meter that shows the rate of production. flow check n: a method of determining whether a kick has occurred. The mud pumps are stopped for a short period to see whether mud continues to flow out of the hole; if it does, a kick may be occurring. flow coefficient n: see C'.
flow computer n: computer that handles all calculations, analysis, and processing of electronically transmitted data from a pipe- line.
flow-control connection n: a device that controls product flow and directs it to the proper location. Mainline valves and side taps are examples of flow-control connections.
flow coupling n: a tubing sub made of abrasion-resistant material and used in a tubing string where turbulent flow may cause internal erosion.
flowing bottomhole pressure n: pressure at the bottom of the wellbore during normal oil production.
flowing bottomhole pressure test n: a bottomhole pressure test that measures pressure while the well is flowing. See bottomhole pressure test.
flowing pressure n: pressure registered at the wellhead of a flowing well.
flowing temperature n: recorded tempera- lure of gas or liquid flowing through a pipe. flowing well n: a well that produces oil or gas by its own reservoir pressure rather than by use of artificial means (such as pumps). flow line n: the surface pipe through which oil travels from a well to processing equipment