1. You needn't have cooked so much food. There was plenty of food left over from yesterday.
a. cook b. to cook
@ h a v e cooked d. to have cooked 2. Susan hates Maths and Chemistry but she’ s really
good at Science.
a. to (b )a t
c. for d. of
3. You had better not go out tonight. It's raining heavily.
( a )n o tg o b. n o tto g o c. d o n 't go d. to d o n 't go 4. The climbers d id n 't succeed in reaching the
mountain peak due to extreme weather conditions, a. to reach b. to have reached
c. reach (d )in reaching
5. It ca n t t>e Annie who is crossing the street;
Annie's taller.
a. m u stn 't (b )c a n 't c. w o u ld n 't d. shouldn't 6. “When are Michael and Julie getting married?”
“Well, they w o n 't get married after all. They broke _____ UP two months ago!”
a. out b. down
c. o ff ( d)up
7. “Would you mind my leaving a |jttle earlier today?
I must go to the dentist's.”
(a )m y leaving b. me leave c. me to leave d. me to leaving
have felt 8. She m ust.
she had been fired a. feel
c. felt
ought
. awful when she was told that
(b )h a v e felt d. be felt
9. You to drink lots of water when yo u're on a diet.
a. should b. must
(c )o u g h t d. used
10. Your jeans need washing before y0U wear t hem for the first time.
(a)w ashing b. to wash
c. wash d. have washed
11 According to t he weather forecast, it will be cold and foggy at the weekend,
a. Owing to ( j i ) According to c. Apart from d. Instead of
12. There used to . be .a coffee shop on that corner when I was young,
a. have been (b )b e
c. were d. being
B Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given unchanged. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.
1 I'm sure he hasn't refused such a good offer.
turned He____________________can t have turned down___________________ such a good offer.
2 There was no need for the climbers to bring so many supplies.
not The clim bers____________________ need not have brought___________________ so many supplies.
3 If I were you, I wouldn't stay in the sun w ithout sunscreen.
had You______________________ had better not stay_____________________in the sun w ithout sunscreen.
4 Shall I water the plants for you?
like W ould______________________you like me to water____________________ the plants for you?
5 It is necessary that he doesn’t eat so many sweets.
cut He_____________________needs to/m ust cut down on______________ sweets.
6 I expect that she has invited everyone to her birthday party.
m ust She___________________ m ust have invited everyone_______________ to her birthday party.
7 As a child, David was never in the habit of eating cornflakes.
used As a child. David never used to eat cornflakes.
■
5-noking is not allowed in the building,
m ust You____________________ must not smoke
19 3erhaps Julie thought that you would check the report.
have been under the impression im pression Julie m a y____________________________ ________
k : was wrong of you to steal that book.
should You______________ should not have stolen r 5ne is not obliged to cook if she doesn't have time.
nave She____________________ doesn't have to cook
Vords easily confused
unit 07
. that you would check the report.
_that book,
if she doesn't have time.
_in the building.
; the correct form of the words in the boxes to complete the sentences in each group A-H below. You may : some of the words more than once. In some cases more than one word may be correct.
th in k
■ - ease.
consider
consider
regard believe mean
* l have b e e n . thinking
. m y o ffe r and call me if you decide to sell.
_____ of taking a holiday. I _________believe I deserve it because I've w orked nard all year.
The death penalty is _ d o n 't__________think d id n 't_____
regarded
mean
as a barbaric practice by m ost people.
means__________w ha t he is saying, because he’s usually joking.
to offend you. Please_________ believe_________ me.
. he re a lly .
realise understand recognise m eet introduce present appreciate
1 One day I'd like t o . meet 2 That's the jou rn a list th a t v 3 The teacher d id n ’t _________realise
_________ m y fa vou rite film star and get his autograph.
presents________the evening news. Don't y o u ________recognise_________ her?
[ 4 Aren't you going to _ 5 | ________appreciate
__th a t the students hadn’t understood w hat he was saying.
______ me to yo ur friend? I haven’t ______________[O^t_________
y o ur help, but you m u s t_______ understand_______ th a t I w ant to do this on my own.
introduce. her before.
assume guess suppose estim ate
guess
calculate
..
Jgfg p re d ict■r
1 Since I hadn’t studied for the test, I had t o ____
2 We w e re _______ supposed_______ to play football today, but we cancelled it.
3 It's alm ost impossible t o _________ Predict_______ what the future holds.
most of the answers.
4 I suppose/assume/guess |’|| be late for work, since there’s so much traffic.
5 We h a d _______ estimated_______the value of the house to be around 6 0 ,0 0 0 dollars, but we hadn’t . the cost of the renovation.
calculated
unit 0 7
idea view th o u g h t p o in t
1 She's v e ry rude and has no 2 You should consider a ll___
3 In m y ________ view_______
respect
aspect
.fo r anyone.
respect m a tte r
aspects . of his proposal, because he made some in te re s tin g .
4 I can't bear the 5 There's n o ____
6 A s a ( n ) _
point
______ the education system should change.
thought_______ 0 f going back to w ork a fte r such a great holiday.
___ in ta lkin g to Clark a bout th is problem , as he has n o __
points
m atter _ o f fact, I hired an in te rio r decorator, w ho gave me some good
idea abo ut it.
ideas
queue line aisle c o rrid o r hall row
1 The cornflakes are in the th ird 2 Walk dow n th e _______ corridor 3 The e n tra n c e ____
4 Please get in _____
hall
aisle
.and the to ile t is the th ird d oo r on yo ur right.
_____to m y fla t is so small th a t it's a waste of space.
____ and w ait yo ur turn, madam!
5 We were lucky enough to be given seats in the f r o n t___________[ 2 ^ _________ at the theatre.
line
6 There was such a lo n g . q u e u e /lin e in the bank th a t I co uldn ’t be bothered to go in.
available spare free co nve nien t handy usable
f ree_________o f charge. It really came in 1 When I b ought m y car, I g ot the a ir-c o n d itio n e r____
durin g the summer.
2 Every car m ust have a (n )_________ spare_________ ty re in the boot.
handy
available in m usic stores.
3 The Red Dog’s new album is now __
4 A laptop co m p ute r is v e r y ________ handy
5 I'm ________ f ree___________ to m o rro w evening. Would you like to go to the cinema?
. because it is portable a n d . usable .anyw here.
6 A car is a v e ry . convenient . means o f tra n s p o rt com pared to buses and trains.
absence lack shortage loss
#
o f m em ory.
1 A fter the accident, my fa th er suffered a g ra d u a l__________ 1055
2 V ic k y 's _______ absence________f rom w o rk was noticed, so the boss rang her at home.
3 T h e __________lack__________o f rain created severe________ shortages______ of fresh fr u it and vegetables.
4 There's a w orld shortage __of energy and scientists are looking fo r alterna tive sources.
5 A lth ou g h I liked living w ith m y family, I was annoyed by t h e __________ jack_________ 0f privacy.
H s h o rt scarce rare inadequate in s u ffic ie n t
*
1 As a botanist he specialises in _________ rare__________ species of plants.
2 The book costs $ 21 and I'm __________ short________by one dollar. Could you lend me some money?
3 A(n) inadequate_______ su pp ly o f oxygen to the brain can prove lethal.
4 In m any parts of the w orld w ater is _________ scarce________ . insufficient/
_______5 Parking space in the c ity centre is scarce/inadequate due to th e _______ inadequate______ num ber o f car parks.
V | lE l
unit 0 7
{^ 223331 .
This unit deals with some verbs and nouns which derive from adjectives.
Adjective Root Verb = Adjective + -en Noun ^Adjective + -ness
I Describing a q uality/state D escribing the process of acquiring the q u a lity / state o f the adjective
The q u a lity / state described by the adjective
dark darken darkness
Some o the r com m on adjectives th a t fo rm verbs and nouns in the same way are: fresh, hard, loose, quick, sharp, thick and weak.
The adjectives broad, deep and w ide fo rm nouns in -th:
broad broaden breadth deep 4 deepen 4 depth wide 4 widen 4 width
Some verbs in -en do not derive from adjectives, but fro m the corresponding nouns:
Adjective Noun Verb
high h eight heighten
long length lengthen
strong strength strengthen
— frig h t frig h te n
— th re at threaten
The adjective short form s tw o nouns w ith a difference in meaning:
short shortness (being s h o rt or having little of sth) shortage (lack o r in s u ffic ie n t q u a n tity o f sth)
Adjective Root in -nt Noun in-nee or -ncy
Describing a q uality / state The quality/state described by the adjective
d istan t distance
in te llig e n t intelligence
e ffic ie n t efficien cy
Most adjectives in -ant/-ent form nouns in -ance and-ence.
Some com m on adjectives th a t fo rm nouns in -ance are: arrogant, assistant, ignorant, im portant, relevant, reluctant, resistant, significant and tolerant.
Some com m on adjectives th a t fo rm nouns in -ence are: absent, confident, convenient, different, evident, innocent, patient, present, silent and violent.
Some com m on adjectives in -ant/-ent th a t form nouns in -ancy/-ency are: consistent, efficient, fluent, frequent, pregnant, proficient, redundant, transparent, urgent and vacant.
Adjective Root in -te Noun in -cy
Describing a q ua lity / state The quality/state described by the adjective
private privacy
Some o the r com m on adjectives th a t fo rm nouns in the same way are: (in)accurate, (in)adequate, (il)literate, immediate, intim ate and obstinate.
The adjective secret fo rm s tw o nouns w ith a difference in meaning:
secret secret (fact know n o nly to few people and not to ld to others) secrecy (having/keeping secrets)
The adjective fo rtu n a te does not fo rm a noun in -cy but derives from the noun fortune.
unit 0 7
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in capitals.
darkness_______jn this forest unbearable 1 Despite being a keen camper, I fin d the _
2 In o rd er t o ________ broaden________ yOUI- shoulders, you have to do m any push-ups at the gym.
3 She d id n ’t like the co lo ur o f her hair, so she decided t o _________ darken__________it. She was, however, rather anxious ____a bout how dark it w ould become.
4 The suspect was released because of lack o f ________ evidence________against him.
5 Being unable to m eet John, I rang to apologise fo r the inconvenience______ | had caused him.
6 Fluency________ in at least tw o languages is essential if you w an t to becom e an interpreter.
7 The tow n council placed restriction s on the w ater supply due to a ________shortage_________Gf w ater th a t year.
8 There are m any com plaints a bout t h e ________ inadequacy______0f fa cilitie s fo r the handicapped.
9 The gove rn m e nt atte m p ted to re d u c e __________violence_______ by increasing police patrols.
10 T h e __________ depth_________ of th a t lake has never been measured.
length . by its width
11 To calculate the area of a room , you m u ltip ly i t s _____
12 The d o c to r advised me to exercise in o rd er t o ________ strengthen______ my back muscles.
13 Amanda is unlikely to lose any w eight, as she has a ________ weakness_______ fo r sweets and jun k food.
14 Many flig h ts were delayed today, causing g ro w in g _ passengers.
15 In some countries, the percentage o f ______ illiteracy
impatience
am ong the
is still v e ry high.
DARK, BEARABLE BROAD
DARK ANXIETY EVIDENT CONVENIENT FLUENT
SHORT
ADEQUATE VIOLENT DEEP LONG, WIDE STRONG WEAK
PATIENT
LITERATE
Examination Practice
A Read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.