Target-centric intelligence cycle
20.2 Target-centric intelligence cy-
cle
Where the subject of the assessment is clearly identifi- able and provisions exist to make some form of interven- tion against that subject, the target-centric assessment ap- proach may be used. This approach, known as F3EA, is complementary to the intelligence cycle and focused on the intervention itself.
The subject for action, or target, is identified and ef- forts are initially made to find the target for further de- velopment. This activity will identify where intervention against the target will have the most beneficial effects. When the decision is made to intervene, action is taken to fix the target, confirming that the intervention will have a high probability of success and restricting the ability of the target to take independent action.
During the finish stage, the intervention is executed, po- tentially an arrest or detention or the placement of other collection methods.
Following the intervention, exploitation of the target is carried out, which may lead to further refinement of the process for related targets. The output from the exploit stage will also be passed into other intelligence assess- ment activities.
20.3 See also
• Intelligence cycle
• List of intelligence gathering disciplines
• Military intelligence
• Surveillance
20.4 Further reading
Surveys
• Andrew, Christopher. For the President’s Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush (1996)
• Black, Ian and Morris, BennyIsrael’s Secret Wars: A History of Israel’s Intelligence Services(1991)
• Bungert, Heike et al. eds. Secret Intelligence in the
Twentieth Century (2003)essays by scholars
• Dulles, Allen W. The Craft of Intelligence: Amer- ica’s Legendary Spy Master on the Fundamentals of Intelligence Gathering for a Free World (2006) • Kahn, David The Codebreakers: The Comprehen-
sive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet (1996), 1200 pages
• Lerner, K. Lee and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, eds. Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security
(2003), 1100 pages. 850 articles, strongest on tech- nology
• Odom, Gen. William E. Fixing Intelligence: For a More Secure America, Second Edition (Yale Nota Bene) (2004)
• O'Toole, George. Honorable Treachery: A History of U.S. Intelligence, Espionage, Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA (1991)
• Owen, David. Hidden Secrets: A Complete History of Espionage and the Technology Used to Support It
(2002), popular
• Richelson, Jeffery T. A Century of Spies: Intelligence
in the Twentieth Century (1997)
• Richelson, Jeffery T. The U.S. Intelligence Commu- nity (4th ed. 1999)
• Shulsky, Abram N. and Schmitt, Gary J. “Silent
Warfare: Understanding the World of Intelligence” (3rd ed. 2002), 285 pages
• West, Nigel. MI6: British Secret Intelligence Service Operations 1909–1945 (1983)
• West, Nigel. Secret War: The Story of SOE, Britain’s Wartime Sabotage Organization (1992)
• Wohlstetter, Roberta. Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (1962)
World War I
• Beesly, Patrick. Room 40. (1982). Covers the
breaking of German codes by RN intelligence, in- cluding the Turkish bribe, Zimmermann telegram, and failure at Jutland.
• May, Ernest (ed.) Knowing One’s Enemies: Intelli- gence Assessment before the Two World Wars (1984)
110 CHAPTER 20. INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT
• Tuchman, Barbara W. The Zimmermann Telegram
(1966)
• Yardley, Herbert O. American Black Chamber
(2004)
World War II 1931–1945
• Babington Smith, Constance. Air Spy: the Story of
Photo Intelligence in World War II (1957) - originally
published as Evidence in Camera in the UK
• Beesly, Patrick. Very Special Intelligence: the Story of the Admiralty’s Operational Intelligence Centre, 1939–1945 (1977)
• Hinsley, F. H. British Intelligence in the Second World War (1996) (abridged version of multivolume
official history)
• Jones, R. V. Most Secret War: British Scientific Intel- ligence 1939–1945 (2009)
• Kahn, David. Hitler’s Spies: German Military Intel- ligence in World War II (1978)
• Kahn, David. Seizing the Enigma: the Race to Break the German U-Boat Codes, 1939–1943 (1991) • Kitson, Simon. The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting
Espionage in Vichy France, Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, (2008).ISBN 978-0-226-43893-1
• Lewin, Ronald. The American Magic: Codes, Ci- phers and the Defeat of Japan (1982)
• May, Ernest (ed.) Knowing One’s Enemies: Intelli- gence Assessment before the Two World Wars (1984) • Smith, Richard Harris. OSS: the Secret History of America’s First Central Intelligence Agency (2005) • Stanley, Roy M. World War II Photo Intelligence
(1981)
• Stevenson, William. A Man Called Intrepid: The In- credible WWII Narrative of the Hero Whose Spy Net- work and Secret Diplomacy Changed the Course of History (2009)
• Wark, Wesley K. The Ultimate Enemy: British Intel- ligence and Nazi Germany, 1933–1939 (1985) • Wark, Wesley K. “Cryptographic Innocence: the
Origins of Signals Intelligence in Canada in the Sec- ond World War”, in: Journal of Contemporary His-
tory 22 (1987) Cold War Era 1945–1991
• Aldrich, Richard J. The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence (2002).
• Ambrose, Stephen E. Ike’s Spies: Eisenhower and the Intelligence Establishment (1981).
• Andrew, Christopher and Vasili Mitrokhin. The
Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (1999)
• Andrew, Christopher, and Oleg Gordievsky. KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (1990).
• Bogle, Lori, ed. Cold War Espionage and Spying
(2001), essays by scholars
• Boiling, Graham. Secret Students on Parade: Cold War Memories of JSSL, CRAIL, PlaneTree, 2005.
ISBN 1-84294-169-0
• Dorril, Stephen. MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty’s Secret Intelligence Service (2000). • Dziak, John J. Chekisty: A History of the KGB
(1988)
• Elliott, Geoffrey and Shukman, Harold. Secret Classrooms. An Untold Story of the Cold War. Lon-
don, St Ermin’s Press, Revised Edition, 2003.ISBN 1-903608-13-9
• Koehler, John O. Stasi: The Untold Story of the East
German Secret Police (1999)
• Ostrovsky, Viktor By Way of Deception(1990)
• Persico, Joseph. Casey: The Lives and Secrets of
William J. Casey-From the OSS to the CIA (1991) • Prados, John. Presidents’ Secret Wars: CIA and Pen-
tagon Covert Operations Since World War II (1996) • Rositzke, Harry. The CIA’s Secret Operations: Espi-
onage, Counterespionage, and Covert Action (1988) • Trahair, Richard C. S. Encyclopedia of Cold War Es-
pionage, Spies and Secret Operations (2004), by an Australian scholar; contains excellent historiograph- ical introduction
• Weinstein, Allen, and Alexander Vassiliev. The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America—The Stalin Era (1999).
20.5 External links
• Intelligence Literature: Suggested Reading List (CIA)
• The Literature of Intelligence: A Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments by J. Ransom Clark, Emeritus Professor of Political Science, Muskingum College
20.5. EXTERNAL LINKS 111
• Intelligence OnlineInvestigative news and reporting on intelligence activities worldwide, including se- cret service and industrial espionage (subscription required).
Chapter 21
Intelligence cycle management
Intelligence cycle management refers to the overall ac-tivity of guiding the intelligence cycle, which is a set of processes used to provide decision-useful information (intelligence) to leaders. The cycle consists of several processes, including planning and direction (the focus of this article), collection, processing and exploitation, anal- ysis and production, and dissemination and integration. The related field ofcounterintelligenceis tasked with im- peding the intelligence efforts of others. Intelligence or- ganizations are not infallible (intelligence reports are of- ten referred to as “estimates,” and often include measures of confidence and reliability) but, when properly man- aged and tasked, can be among the most valuable tools of management and government.
The principles of intelligence have been discussed and developed from the earliest writers on warfare[1] to the most recent writers on technology.[2] Despite the most powerful computers, the human mind remains at the core of intelligence, discerning patterns and extracting meaning from a flood of correct, incorrect, and some- times deliberately misleading information (also known as disinformation).