A Review of Rectangular Patch Antenna with X-slots for Wireless Communications

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2019)

210

A Review of Rectangular Patch Antenna with X-slots for

Wireless Communications

Aanchal Sharma

1

, Dr. Bharti Gupta

2

1_{M.tech Scholar,}2_{Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LNCT Bhopal, India}

Abstract-In modern wireless communication systems and

expanding of different wireless applications, more extensive bandwidth, multiband and low profile antennas are in extraordinary interest for both business and military applications. This has started antenna examine in different directions; one of them is utilizing x opening shaped antenna components. Traditionally, every antenna operates at a solitary or double frequency bands. Where diverse antenna is required for various applications. This will cause a restricted space and spot issue. So as to fathom this issue, multiband receiving wire can be utilized where a solitary radio wire can work on various recurrence groups. Direct remote correspondence by measure is the quickest expanding portion of the interchanges business. There are various applications for enactment and business, for example, cell radio, satellite correspondence and remote correspondence, execution, simplicity of establishment, optimal design profile are significant imperatives.

Keywords- Rectangular Patch Antenna, X-shaped Slot,

Wireless Communication.

I. INTRODUCTION

Microstrip patch antennas are low cost, low profile, light weight, high frequency planar antenna. It is a derivative of microstrip circuits. Microstrip patch antenna consists of a dielectric layer sandwiched between two very thin metal layers. One of the layer acts as the radiating layer while the other acts as the ground plane. Generally, the thickness of the dielectric layer of the MPA is very small compared to the size of the antenna. Hence it is also conformal to the surface. Since MPA are derivative of microstrip circuits, they have good compatibility. A microstrip patch antenna also finds application in many devices other than personal communication devices. It may have been used in the missile system, airborne AESA radar, body worn antenna for military personal etc. The applications are endless.

As mentioned earlier, microstrip antennas are three layered structures. The basic structure of microstrip antenna is shown in the figure 1.1. The top and the bottom layer consist of conducting surface of metal known as patch layer and ground layer respectively. The middle layer consists of non conducting dielectric material known as dielectric layer.

[image:1.612.344.568.283.414.2]

The patch is normally made of conducting material such as copper or gold and can take any possible shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate.

Fig. 1.1 Structure of a Basic Microstrip Patch Antenna.

In order to simplify analysis and performance estimation, generally square, rectangular, circular, triangular, and elliptical or some other common shape patches are used for designing a microstrip antenna.

II. RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

A Microstrip Antenna in its simplest form consists of a radiating patch on one side of Dielectric substrate and a ground plane on the other side. Most common shapes are rectangular and circular. However, other Shapes such as the square, mendered, triangular, semicircular and annular ring Shapes are also used.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

[image:2.612.65.276.199.301.2]

211 To enhance the fringing fields from the patch, which accounts for the radiation, the width W of the patch is increased. The fringing fields are also enhanced by decreasing the εr or by increasing the substrate thickness h.

Fig. 2.1 Front View of Rectangular Patch Antenna.

A microstrip patch antenna is a narrowband, wide--‐beam antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate, such as a printed circuit board, with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate which forms a ground plane as shown in the figure 2.1. Low dielectric constant substrates are generally preferred for maximum radiation. The conducting patch can take any shape but rectangular and circular configurations are the most commonly used configurations. Other configurations are complex to analyze and require heavy numerical computations. A microstrip antenna is characterized by its Length, Width, Input impedance, polarization, Gain and radiation patterns.

➢ X-slot Antenna Fig.2.2SideViewof Rectangular Patch Antenna.

Many wireless application systems use microstrip patch‐ antennas due to their compact, conformal, and low-- cost designs. The X Antenna is also designed on the basics of microstrip technology.

[image:2.612.336.556.267.422.2]

We call it X Antenna because there are two diagonal slots in the patch which makes an X shape in the patch. The slots are used to achieve circular polarization. Circularly polarized antennas are particularly of interest to radio communication. Enabling the space orientation, such antennas also reduce considerably the multipath fading and thus increase the spectral efficiency of RF systems. In addition, the use of receive and transmit antennas with circular polarization can maximize the isolation between the two antennas.

Fig. 2.3 X-slot Patch Antenna

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

212

III. LITERATURE SURVEY

Sr. Title Author Year Approach Results

no

Design of Rectangular B. K. Kumar, A compact patch antenna has Impedance

1 Patch Antenna with P. V. V. 2018 been designed to work at bandwidth 8.49 X-slots for Wireless Kishore and wireless applications is GHz to 11.30

Communications K. K. Naik presented in this article. GHz

Design of Circular Slot on Rectangular

K. K. Naik In this paper, the analysis has Dual band at Patch with Meander been carried out on compact

2 and M. H. V. 2018 11GHz And 11.9

line Antenna for rectangular patch antenna for

Manikanta GHz

Satellite satellite application.

Communications Rectangular terahertz

Prince, G. In this paper, a rectangular impedance

microstrip patch shaped Terahertz (THz)

Kaur, V. bandwidth of

3 antenna design for 2017 microstrip patch antenna with

Mehta and E. 4.7379 THz to

vitamin K2 detection a slotted ground has been

Sidhu 5.1824 THz

applications proposed.

Miniaturized

J. M. Felício, We present an implantable Impedance implantable patch patch antenna designed for

C. A. bandwidth of

4 antenna for near-field 2017 near-field communication

Fernandes and 2.4 GHz to 2.6

communication at with an external repeater

J. R. Costa Ghz

ISM band device.

This paper presents a

M. K. successful designing of Miniaturization of L- rectangular patch antenna with

Aghwariya, P.

Band Rectangular rectangular slit for microwave Operating Ranjan, P. S.

5 Patch Antenna by 2016 applications. Rectangular slits frequency of Pandey, G.

Using Two are used to miniaturization of 1.77 GHz

Rani and R.

Rectangular Slit, patch antenna and

Sharma

enhancement of characteristics of patch antenna. In this paper Wireless power

Dual band transfer (WPT) is one among

Rectangular and K. C. Airani, deigned at

them. Rectenna is an essential

elliptical microstrip Vinay V K, P. 35GHz achieves

part in WPT circuitry. A step

6 patch antennas for P. Kumar and 2016 a gain of 23dB

by step approach is followed

wireless power Kumaraswamy and return loss of

to develop 4×4 rectangular

transmission H V, -42.4dB at

and 2×2 circular microstrip

35.25GHz. patch antennas for Rectenna.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

213 B. K. Kumar, P. V. V. Kishore and K. K. Naik [1] A compact patch antenna has been designed to work at wireless applications is presented in this article. A simple rectangular microstrip antenna with small and narrow X-shaped slots on radiating patch has proposed. The proposed antenna model is operated below -10dB return loss with single resonating frequency at 9.9GHz. The return loss is observed wide bandwidth of -35.48dB with 2.80GHz (8.49-11.30GHz) impedance bandwidth of 28.25% is obtained. The current distribution and radiation patterns of proposed model has presented in the results.

K. K. Naik and M. H. V. Manikanta [2] In this paper, the analysis has been carried out on compact rectangular patch antenna for satellite application. The rectangular patch antenna is etched with circular slot and added meander line on the top of the substrate. In the bottom of the substrate is partially etched on the ground plane. These two techniques are considered for generating multiple bands at X-band applications. The proposed antenna is generating dual-bands at 11GHz and 11.9GHz operating frequencies with return loss -26.89dB and -26.04dB respectively. The radiation pattern is observed E-plane and H-plane at two resonating bands and these are plotted in the result. The gain is also observed for dual-bands as 7.01dBi and 8.75dBi respectively. The proposed antenna is used for satellite communication application for transmitting and receiving signal with low interference.

Prince, G. Kaur, V. Mehta and E. Sidhu [3] In this paper, a rectangular shaped Terahertz (THz) microstrip patch antenna with a slotted ground has been proposed. The Flame Retardant (FR-4) having a dielectric constant (ϵr) of 4.4. The copper having a resistivity of 1.68 × 10-8Ωm has been employed in the designing of the proposed antenna. A slot of rectangular shape has been made in the ground for enhancing the various antenna parameters. The proposed antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 444.5 GHz (4.7379 THz to 5.1824 THz) and is resonant at a frequency of 4.952 THz with a minimal return loss of -55.31 dB. The performance of proposed antenna has been scrutinized in terms of return loss (dB), impedance bandwidth (THz), gain (dB), directivity (dBi), VSWR and impedance (ohms). It has been observed that the proposed terahertz rectangular slotted antenna has a directivity and gain of 4.084 dBi and 4.254 dB at the resonant frequency.

The proposed antenna has been simulated and designed using CST microwave Studio 2016. The proposed antenna can be suitably used for the detection of vitamin k2, a biomedical application.

J. M. Felício, C. A. Fernandes and J. R. Costa [4] We present an implantable patch antenna designed for near-field communication with an external repeater device. The geometry is composed of a X-slot and four T-slots that increase the electric-length, thus miniaturizing the antenna, achieving a diameter of just 8 mm (0.064λ0) for an antenna operation at 2.4 GHz. Moreover, the input reflection coefficient exhibits robust performance for different implantation depths. Lastly, we calculate a maximum input power imposed by Specific Absorption Rate regulation, according to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).

M. K. Aghwariya, P. Ranjan, P. S. Pandey, G. Rani and R. Sharma [5] This paper presents a successful designing of rectangular patch antenna with rectangular slit for microwave applications. Rectangular slits are used to miniaturization of patch antenna and enhancement of characteristics of patch antenna. This design offer proper impedance matching. This antenna has been simulated at 1.77GHz frequency using CST software. This design has shown return loss of -20.849dB and gain of 2.947dB. The proposed antenna design has good directional properties (directivity 6.002dBi) and high radiation efficiency.

K. C. Airani, Vinay V K, P. P. Kumar and Kumaraswamy H V, [6] History of wireless technology has witnessed many fabulous ideas. Wireless power transfer (WPT) is one among them. Rectenna is an essential part in WPT circuitry. A step by step approach is followed to develop 4×4 rectangular and 2×2 circular microstrip patch antennas for Rectenna. Simulated 2×2 circular patch antenna arrays at 5.8 GHz consumes large space and unacceptable return loss. The proposed 4×4 rectangular antenna array deigned at 35GHz achieves a gain of 23dB and return loss of -42.4dB at 35.25GHz.

P. Kaur, S. K. Aggarwal and A. De [7] In this paper, design of compact rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) using square grid of rods and I shaped metamaterial is presented.

rectangular patch P. Kaur, S. K. compact rectangular Dual band at microstrip patch antenna

7 antenna using square Aggarwal and 2015 2.56 GHz and

(RMPA) using square grid of

grid and I shaped A. De 4.03 GHz

rods and I shaped metamaterial

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

214 To achieve miniaturization of reference patch antenna resonating at 5.2 GHz, I shaped metamaterial is embedded underneath the patch which shifts the resonating frequency to lower side at 4.36 GHz and thus provide 33% compactness in size. Embedding a square grid of rods beneath the patch provides dual band at 2.56 GHz and 4.03 GHz. Besides providing the compactness, both technique also improves the returns loss and enhances the bandwidth.

IV. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

[image:5.612.52.287.362.635.2]

Three broad categories of techniques are utilized for the analysis of microstrip antennas. The simplest of these and the relatively basic analysis approach is the transmission line model. In this approach, the rectangular microstrip antenna is treated as a pair of slots based on this approximation. The slots are excited nearly 180º out-of-phase in order for their radiated fields to reinforce at boresight. The effect of fringing fields is incorporated by empirical methods through measurements.

Fig. 4.1Comparison of Min. and Max. Bandwidth

The method provides a good intuitive understanding of the mechanism of radiation from the patch; also yielding reasonably accurate expressions for resonant frequency and input resistance the two key requirements for the antenna designer.

However, for electrically thicker substrates (or in an equivalent sense, at higher operating frequencies), the expressions for both these quantities may be in significant error. Hence for millimeter-wave and monolithic applications, this elementary model proves to be unsatisfactory. Also, the simple transmission line model is useful for rectangular patch shapes. Improved versions of the model can handle other patch shapes but not proximity or aperture-coupling. It ignores variations of the field current along the radiating edge and is not amenable to include the presence of the feeding structure.

V. CONCLUSION

End and future degree the examination of microstrip fix antennas has made amazing advancement starting late. Differentiated and standard antennas, microstrip fix antennas have increasingly central points and better prospects. They are lighter in weight, low volume, insignificant exertion, low profile, humbler in estimation and effortlessness of production and congruity. Plus, the microstrip fix antennas can give double and round polarizations, double frequency task, frequency aptitude, wide band width, feed line adaptability column checking omni directional designing. In this document we look at the microstrip antenna, microstrip antenna types, continuous structures and use of microstrip fix antenna with their breathing room and weaknesses over traditional microwave antennas.

REFERENCES

[1] B. K. Kumar, P. V. V. Kishore and K. K. Naik, "Design of Rectangular Patch Antenna with X-slots for Wireless Communications," 2018 Second International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (ICICCT), Coimbatore, 2018, pp. 1448-1451.

[2] K. K. Naik and M. H. V. Manikanta, "Design of Circular Slot on Rectangular Patch with Meander line Antenna for Satellite Communications," 2018 Second International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (ICICCT), Coimbatore, 2018, pp. 1252-1255.

[3] Prince, G. Kaur, V. Mehta and E. Sidhu, "Rectangular terahertz microstrip patch antenna design for vitamin K2 detection applications," 2017 1st International Conference on Electronics, Materials Engineering and Nano-Technology (IEMENTech), Kolkata, 2017, pp. 1-3.

[4] J. M. Felício, C. A. Fernandes and J. R. Costa, "Miniaturized implantable patch antenna for near-field communication at ISM band," 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting, San Diego, CA, 2017, pp. 1685-1686.

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[6] K. C. Airani, Vinay V K, P. P. Kumar and Kumaraswamy H V, "Rectangular and elliptical microstrip patch antennas for wireless power transmission," 2016 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, 2016, pp. 1781-1785.

[7] P. Kaur, S. K. Aggarwal and A. De, "Design of compact rectangular patch antenna using square grid and I shaped metamaterial," 2015 International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC), Noida, 2015, pp. 132-135.

[8] K. L. Lai, S. H. Wu and M. C. Liang, "The impact of ground plane to a capacitor loaded rectangular patch antenna," 2016 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), Okinawa, 2016, pp. 778-779.

[9] S. E. Mendhe and Y. P. Kosta, "Broadband multilayer stacked rectangular micro strip patch antenna using edge coupled patches," 2014 2nd International Conference on Emerging Technology Trends

in Electronics, Communication and Networking, Surat, 2014, pp. 1-3.

[10] S. F. Jilani, H. Ur-Rahman and M. N. Iqbal, "Novel star-shaped fractal design of rectangular patch antenna for improved gain and bandwidth," 2013 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (APSURSI), Orlando, FL, 2013, pp. 1486-1487.

[11] Z. Zakaria, W. Y. Sam, M. Z. A. Abd Aziz and M. A. Meor Said, "Rectangular microstrip patch antenna based on resonant circuit approach," 2012 IEEE Symposium on Wireless Technology and Applications (ISWTA), Bandung, 2012, pp. 220-223.

[12] X. Cheng, J. Shi, J. Kim, C. Kim, D. E. Senior and Y. Yoon, "A compact self-packaged patch antenna folded in rectangular waveguide shape," 2011 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI), Spokane, WA, 2011, pp. 888-890.

[13] X. Cheng, J. J. Whalen and Y. Yoon, "Rectangular waveguide shape folded patch antenna," 2010 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Toronto, ON, 2010, pp. 1-4.

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