space and time

How have time and space acquired, again and again, this “high object- adequacy,” their quasi natural character as permanences? To answer this ques- tion, concrete social and individual practices and conflicts in building, main- taining, appropriating and questioning permanence become critical subjects of analysis. With these practices in mind we can analyze how a distinct time (or space) model attains the status of permanence. First, a permanence has to be built, to be constructed by concrete actors. And then it has to be accepted and in the best case be appropriated by actors (cf. Harvey 1996, 55f.). When this model has become commonplace in a society, when it is lived by its “users,” it can be called a social or a society’s time, or maybe even a global time. It must then be maintained, for instance by such representations of time as clocks, timetables, political and economic programs, or in narratives of progress or about developing societies. To adapt Lefebvre once again, moreover, such

At the fundamental level, the 4-dimensional space-time of our direct experience might not be a continuum and discrete quantum entities might “collectively” rule its dynamics. Henceforth, it seems natural to think that in the “low-energy” regime some of its distinctive quantum attributes could, in principle, manifest themselves even at macroscopically large scales. Indeed, when confronted with Nature, classical gravitational dynamics of spinning astrophysical bodies is known to lead to paradoxes: to untangle them, dark matter or modifications to the classical law of gravity are openly consid- ered. In this article, the hypothesis of a fluctuating space-time acquiring “at large distances” the properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate is pushed forward: firstly, it is shown that a natural outcome of this picture is the production of monopoles, dyons, and vortex lines of “quantized” gravitomagnetic—or gyrogravitational—flux along the transition phase; the minimal supported “charge” (and multiples of it) being directly linked with a nonzero (minimal) vacuum energy. Thus, a world of vibrating, spinning, interacting strings whose only elements in their construction are our topo- logical concepts of space and time is envisioned, and they are proposed as tracers of the superfluid features of the space-time: the archetypal embodiment of these physical processes being set by the “gravitational roton”, an analogue of Landau’s classic higher-energy excitation used to explain the superfluid properties of helium II. The far and the near field asymptotics of string line solutions are presented and used to deduce their pair-interaction energy. Remarkably, it is found that two stationary, axis-aligned, quantum space-time vortices with the same sense of spin not only exhibit zones of repulsion but also of attraction, depending on their relative geodetic distance.

Further still, what is crucially wrong with both these views is that they are simply opposing space and time. For both Laclau and Jameson, time and space are causal closure/representability on the one hand and unrepresentability on the other. They simply differ as to which is which! What unites them, and what I argue should be questioned, is the very counterposition in this way of space and time. It is a counterposition which makes it difficult to think the social in terms of the real multiplicities of space-time. This is an argument that is being made forcefully in debates over cultural identity. ‘[E]thnic identity and difference are socially produced in the here and now, not archeologically salvaged from the disappearing past’; 28 and Homi Bhabha enquires ‘Can I just clarify that what to me is problematic about the understanding of the “fundamentalist” position in the Rushdie case is that it is represented as archaic, almost medieval. It may sound very strange to us, it may sound absolutely absurd to some people, but the point is that the demands over The Satanic Verses are being made now, out of a particular political state that is functioning very much in our time.’ 29 Those who focus on what they see as the terri- fying simultaneity of today would presumably find such a view of the world problematical, and would long for such ‘ethnic identities’ and

The following are quotes from the book The Trouble with Physics authored by Lee Smolin in 2006. “More and more, I have the feeling that quantum theory and general relativity are both deeply wrong about the nature of time. Descartes and Galileo made a most wonderful discovery. In this way, time is represented as if it were another dimension of space. This spatialization of time is useful but may be challenged. We have to find a way to unfreeze time -- to represent time without turning it into space.” We believe that the use of three-dimensional space-time frames (3-d s-t frames)is a potential means to address this issue regarding the representation of time.

The physical space can be identified with any inertial frame, but when it comes to comparing the results of measurements in two frames, or more, only one frame, say S, can be taken stationary and identified with the physical space, whereas all other inertial frames are moving relative to S. The equivalence of inertial frames as sites of one physical world implies that an intrinsic units system of length, time, mass and charge should be defined in terms of basic constituent physical blocks that have the same identity in all inertial frames. A basic feature of the universal space and time theory (UST) is that the same one time prevails in all inertial frames. The scaling transforma- tions (STs) that relate the geometric distances in two frames, S (s) when chosen the stationary frame, are derived, and applied to explain the Doppler’s effect. The time distance between a mov- ing object in S and an observer depends on its state of motion; and the Euclidean form of the STs is employed to explain arrival of some meta-stable at the earth’s surface despite its short lifetime.

Rahul Singh Department of Science and Technology National Library, Kolkata, India Abstract There is a relation between space and time, which is called space-time con- tinuum. With the help of some mathematical equations, we can establish an alternative relation between space-time and mass, treating mass as a fifth di- mension. There is the concept about mass being a property of any inertial or gravitational object in space. Mass can create distortion in space. As a result of that, space-time curvature will be bent towards the massive object.

tion the real time requirements of safety-critical systems. Our work goes beyond state-of-art presenting a secure virtualization solution assisted by COTS hardware. A distinctive aspect of our hypervisor is the use of ARM TrustZone technology to assist and secure real-time virtu- alization for space. This is demonstrated by running sev- eral unmodified RODOS OS partitions on a hybrid Xilinx ZC702 platform with really low overhead and low mem- ory footprint. Furthermore, with the recent announce- ment of ARM about their decision to introduce TrustZone technology in all Cortex-M and Cortex-R processors se- ries, we strongly believe this solution as more than an isolated implementation for a specific platform. From our point of view, it will also provide the foundation to drive next generation virtualization solutions for middle and low-end space applications (e.g., small satellites).

The problem of visual exploration of text-space-time data is challenging due to the high heterogeneity. The data components (texts, space, and time) differ extremely in their nature and properties. Such data cannot be treated as usual multidimensional data for which numerous analysis and visualization techniques exist. For example, in a parallel coordinates plot, multiple attributes are represented in a uniform way. In the case of heterogeneous structures, data components need to be visualized in different ways depend- ing on their specific nature. While it is possible sometimes to show two components within one display (as in a space- time cube), this can hardly be done with three or more highly diverse components. One needs to use a combination of different displays and rely on interactive operations for uncovering and exploring relationships between them. Such a combination of visual and interactive tools is inevitably more complex than a single display and may be very diffi- cult to use. A design challenge is to reduce the complexity and difficulty while providing sufficient functional power and enabling flexibility in exploration. To address this chal- lenge, we, first, consistently utilize the SSTC metaphor and concepts of projection and slice, second, use similar organization principles for specific displays of the three diverse components and, third, propose a set of interaction operations uniformly applicable to each component.

• But also provides for mental time travel “Thus, the replay can either lead or follow the behavior once the map of space is established. In that sense, the replay phenomenon may support ‘mental time travel’ (Suddendorf and Corballis 2007) through the spatial map, both forward and backward in time.”

https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.150.1.9 ISSN 0080-4703. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. Email: joergf@maths.otago.ac.nz Einstein’s general theory of relativity is one of the finest achievements of the human mind. It has fundamentally changed the way we think about space and time, and how these in turn interact with matter. Based on this theory Einstein made several predictions, many of which have been verified experimentally. Among the most elusive phenomena that he predicted are gravitational waves, ripples in the fabric of space-time. They are disturbances in the space-time continuum which propagate with the speed of light. This contribution describes some of their properties, their sources and how it is intended to detect them.

Although numerous studies have documented the MTL in sighted people, to date no study has tested whether blind people also organize time according to an implicit MTL. Furthermore, no study has evaluated the spatial FoR used for temporal order, in any population. 1 In this experiment early blind, late blind and sighted individuals performed a temporal classification task by pressing two keys positioned on the left and the right side of space. In one condition their hands were uncrossed, and in the other condition they were crossed. We hypothesized that, since the direction of the MTL appears to be determined by reading experience in sighted participants, their MTL should be represented in external spatial coordinates: As people read Italian, they start on the left of each line of text and end on the right, regardless of the positions of their hands. Thus, sighted participants should show a similar space- time congruity effect no matter whether their hands are uncrossed or crossed: past times should be implicitly associated with the left side of space, and future times with the right side.

Via Amendola 173 I-70126 Bari, Italy Space and time transformations from a “stationary” isotropic inertial system S 0 to any other iner- tial system S are shown to imply complete physical equivalence between the three possible pairs of assumptions chosen among the following: A1. Lorentz contraction of bodies moving with respect to S 0 ; A2. Larmor retardation of clocks moving with respect to S 0 ; A3. Two-way velocity of light equal to c in all inertial systems and in all directions. The empirical evidence supporting A2 and A3 is therefore in favour of A1 as well.

Accordingly, a working group on space and time issues in visual analytics was formed. The group started its work by addressing the international community of researchers dealing with spatial and/or temporal information with a questionnaire, in which they were asked about the most important applications for spatio-temporal visual analytics, challenging problems, new opportunities, and major research directions. The responses have been analyzed, summarized, and discussed at the expert workshop with 23 participants, which took place in Hamburg (Germany) in March 2009. On the basis of the collected opinions and discussion results, the working group met in May 2009 to identify the main themes and plan the research agenda. The plan was implemented during the following months.

Learning within organizations is both a process of organizing the what, how and why one learns in the context of the institutional identity one maintains, but at the same time any process of learning opens up dimensions beyond one ’ s initial orienta- tion. This point captures the element of surprise that emerges in the learning process 35 when there is space for learning to be driven, not by the objective of addressing social obligations, but by the curiosity to delve into the unknown. This suggests that the very process of learning can be an experience which teaches one lessons beyond those that would neatly fi t into a crude categorization of learning intentions and out- comes. Learning above all is a symplegma – a space of living, of acting, of being 40 and becoming. It is simultaneously both the cause and result, not because of the experiences as reference points for noticing that learning is taking place, but because of the ways in which the experience of learning is engaged.

a) murilo.baptista@abdn.ac.uk nition of causality defined in terms of predictabil- ity with those based on information quantities by studying the spatio-temporal dynamics of causal- ity. We will show that if a system X causes an effect in a system Y , then not only causal informa- tion from X to Y is positive, but also longer-time or higher-resolution observations in Y can be used to predict the past states of the system X, an ob- servation that will lead us to propose a new infor- mational theoretic quantity that we name Causal Mutual Information (CaMI), and that can assist us in easily quantifying the direction of the flow of information. This work will show that causality has space and time signatures, and each signature can be advantageously exploited to study the di- rection of influence in different systems. More- over, we will show that our quantity allows for a simple, experimental appealing and less computa- tional demanding approach, but rigorous, quan- tification of causality.

OFDM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing PEP pair-wise error probability PSD power spectral density QPSK quadrature phase shift keying SIMO single-input multiple-output SISO single-input single-output SNR signal to noise ratio STBC space-time block code STTC space-time trellis code UCA uniform circular array ULA uniform linear array UGA uniform grid array

5. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we present a virtual space-time beamforming method for space-time antijamming problem. The temporal smoothing technique is utilized to add a structure of the received data model such that a virtual space-time array response data can be formed without delay taps. Additionally, the proposed approach makes use of the Frame method to obtain the inverse matrix of the covariance matrix of the temporal smoothed data matrix, so that it avoids the complexities of matrix inversion. Simulations are presented in order to illustrate the performance of the proposed method. It is shown that the presented approach has better space-time antijamming performances than the conventional MVDR method.

The resulting effect on values of Zʹ is displayed in Table 1. It contains values of Zʹ that would result from measuring spectra of radiation emitted from bodies with velocities vʹ orbiting centers with masses equal to those of NGC 2403 and NGC 2841, the galaxies with the smallest, and the largest, mass of the galaxies considered by van Albada and Sancisi. The radii r’ of the orbits, and the orbital velocities, vʹ, of the orbiting bodies, are labeled r Newt , and v Kep in the table. In it, the hundred-fold change in the radii r Newt changes the local orbital velocities v Kep by a factor of 10. If the red and blue shifts in the G() space-time are interpreted as arising from peculiar velocities in Minkowski space, they produce the values denoted V “Mink” . For NGC 2403, over the whole range of r Newt , the value of Zʹ and V “Mink” vary by 0.02%.

Therefore the creation of a communication environment to sustain non-defined interaction patterns is mostly about setting the proper guidelines and parameters that will facilitate and enhance the generative processes that are anyway innate in social communication. The system should be left ‘open’ to be able to support, not only the numerous conventional relationships, but moreover, new unpredictable patterns that may emerge during the procedure of communication itself. It has to be able to trigger connections that are formulated on top and across the existing social associations. The subject of interactiveness in architecture is huge and is connected to every aspect of the designing process, from the single building to the urban structure. However, if a small project, like the one described in this paper, has been able to generate a playful, inventive interaction, which is formed irrelevantly to the existing social identities of the participants, then it should be considered as a valid step towards that direction. The fact that the users would take advantage of the system’s anonymity barrier to temporarily discard their identity and theatrically perform (sometimes even dance!) in front of the system’s camera, in order to interact with each other, signifies the formation of innovative relationships far away from the standard that can be found in a working environment, such as the ones that the testing was contacted. The project showed that abstracted awareness of activity can actually give meaning to the background, and usually overlooked, information that people transmit while in action, as the manner and speed of their movements, their gestures, body postures and many more. These signs that actually form a unique, subtle language are captured by the “Space Time Pixels” project, augmented and re-transmitted, aiming to generate new, parallel ways of social interaction.

Template polyhedra, on the other hand, can be adapted flexibly and can be unbounded, but sound template refinement for unbounded reacha- bility analysis has been implemented only for systems with piecewise constant dynamics. We capitalize on the advantages of both techniques, combining interval arithmetic and template polyhedra, using the former to abstract time and the latter to abstract space. During a CEGAR loop, whenever a spurious error trajectory is found, we compute addi- tional space constraints and split time intervals, and use these space-time interpolants to eliminate the counterexample. Space-time interpolation offers a lazy, flexible framework for increasing precision while guarantee- ing soundness, both for error avoidance and fixpoint detection. To the best of out knowledge, this is the first abstraction refinement scheme for the reachability analysis over unbounded and dense time of affine hybrid systems, which is both sound and automatic. We demonstrate the effec- tiveness of our algorithm with several benchmark examples, which cannot be handled by other tools.