[PDF] Top 20 Generating Referring Expressions that Involve Gradable Properties

... vague expressions tend to be interpreted in different ways by different people (Toogood 1980), sometimes in stark contrast with the intention of the speaker/writer (Berry, Knapp, and Raynor ...vague ... See full document

... This data comprises a set of approximately 10-second videos, each showing the avatar referring to one object. Blocks and landmark objects were placed randomly in the scene, and each block was referred to in turn. ... See full document

... absolute properties and for those that are easier to realise in surface ...prefer referring to size as in (b), despite evidence suggesting that colour is overspecified more frequently than ...prefer ... See full document

... Referring expression (R2) does not contain lexical ambiguity; however, it does suffer from vagueness as a result of having a gradable adjective, “inex- pensive,” in the positive form modifying a plural ... See full document

... Tractability. Computational tractability has also been paramount in our explo- rations. There is no agreement on the extent to which computational linguists should worry about the computational complexity of algorithms, ... See full document

... The referring process is a discrimination process whose goal is to discriminate one or more individ- uals in a context ...mantic properties possessed by the referent to rule out distractors, ...previous ... See full document

... of referring expressions a step further, by asking how a generator can use logically re- dundant information to reduce the search space within which a reader has to “find” a referent; this will be ... See full document

... have gradable attributes like size; for ex- ample, in a domain with four mice sized 2, 5, 7 and 10cm, it is possible to refer to the large mouse (the mouse sized 10cm) or the two small mice (the mice sized 2 and ... See full document

... In line with Reiter and Belz (2009), we believe that our metrics-based evaluation was valuable but only a ‘development-stage’ guidance. A task-based evaluation shall be more revealing of the algorithm’s performance. ... See full document

... 0 for the first two cases, and reasonable intermediate values in the other two cases. Measure C 3 f , as dis- cussed in (Mar´ın et al., 2017b) for its corresponding specificity measure, is more suitable for ranking in- ... See full document

... all properties are subsets of the (finite) set of existing ...of properties in some way, keeping track of the (finite) set of possible referents in the intersection, until the set of referents becomes ... See full document

... of referring expressions online to differ- ent users, and that these policies are sig- nificantly better than adaptive hand-coded policies for this ... See full document

... The GIVE Challenge took place for the first time in 2008–09 (Koller et al., 2010a), and for the sec- ond time in 2009–10 (Koller et al., 2010b). The GIVE-1 Challenge was a success in terms of the amount of data ... See full document

... Given an effect, the plan constructor finds a plan derivation that has a minimal n u m b e r of primitive actions, that is valid with respect to the planning agent's beliefs, and whose r[r] ... See full document

... We define a pointing gesture as a hand gesture without physical contact with the target, whereas gestures that involve physical contact with an ob- ject are haptic-obstensive (H-O). 2 We use four tracks in Anvil ... See full document

... Referring expressions (REs) are expressions in- tended by speakers to identify entities to ...Descriptive expressions (such as “the blue glass on the table”) exploit at- tributes of entities ... See full document

... It discusses the planning of concept activation actions that are realized by definite referring expressions in the planned utterances, and shows how it is possible to integrate physical [r] ... See full document

... distinguishing properties by identifying the vertex of G which contains the greatest num- ber of referents in its ...for properties that are true of some subset of R, and removes some distractors, ... See full document

... of properties, such as the fact that HAIR C OLOUR in the People domain only gets used if HAS H AIR is also ...which properties have already been ...for referring expression genera- tion available to ... See full document

... The most notable features of the approach taken here are as follows: a the use of a sophisticated underlying ontology, to permit the representation of non-singular entities; b the use of[r] ... See full document