# Top PDF Nonlinear Physics in Soliton Microcombs

### Nonlinear Physics in Soliton Microcombs

11.1 Coherent sampling of dissipative Kerr soliton dynamics. (a) Concep- tual schematic showing microresonator signal (red) combined with the probe sampling pulse train (blue) using a bidirectional coupler. The probe pulse train repetition rate is offset slightly from the mi- croresonator signal. It temporally samples the signal upon photo detection to produce an interferogram signal shown in the lower panel. The measured interferogram shows several frame periods during which two solitons appear with one of the solitons experienc- ing decay. (b) Left panel is the optical spectrum and right panel is the FROG trace of the probe EO comb (pulse repetition period is shown as 46 ps). An intensity autocorrelation in the inset shows a full-width-half-maximum pulse width of 800 fs. (c) Microresonator pump power transmission when the pump laser frequency scans from higher to lower frequency. Multiple ‘steps’ indicate the formation of solitons. (d) Imaging of soliton formation corresponding to the scan in panel (c). The x-axis is time and the y-axis is time in a frame that rotates with the solitons (full scale is one round-trip time). The right vertical axis is scaled in radians around the microresonator. Four soliton trajectories are labeled and fold-back into the cavity coordi- nate system. The color bar gives their signal intensity. (e) Soliton intensity patterns measured at four moments in time are projected onto the microresonator coordinate frame. The patterns correspond to initial parametric oscillation in the modulation instability (MI) regime, non-periodic behavior (MI regime), four soliton and single soliton states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 11.2 Measurements of non-repetitive soliton events. (a) Two solitons

### Multiple soliton solutions and a generalized double Wronskian determinant to the $$(2+1)$$ dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equations

is a well-known mathematical model for describing the evolution of pulses in nonlinear optical ﬁbers and of surface gravity waves in ﬂuid dynamics []. To investigate diﬀerent complex nonlinear phenomena of our realistic world, some generalizations of the widely used ( + )-dimensional Eq. () into a ( + )-dimensional one are obtained [–]. Theo- retical and experimental research of these higher-dimensional integrable generalizations has been carried out due to their attraction and application in many ﬁelds such as plasma physics, nonlinear optics, ﬂuid dynamics, and Bose-Einstein condensates [–]. The NLS equation admits the following ( + )-dimensional extension:

### Spatial Disorder of Soliton Solutions for 2D Nonlinear Schr¨odinger Lattices

Systems of NLS equations arise in many fields of physics, including condensed matter, hydrodynamics, optics, plasmas, and Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) (see e.g. [1], [4], [12], [23]). In the presence of strong periodic trapped potentials, a NLS equation can be approximated by a DNLS equation by using the “tight binding approximation” [24]. Equation (1) describes a large class of discrete nonlinear systems such as optical fibers [5], [6], small molecules such as benzene [7], and, more recently, dilute BECs trapped in a multiwell potential [2], [3], [25], [24].

### Bright and Singular Soliton Solutions of Tzitzéica Type Equations Appear in Nonlinear Optics

Parallel developments in both computer technologies and symbolic softwares have greatly contributed to solve lots of problems defined in various fields covering applied mathematics, physics and many engineering fields. A diverse class of effective methods have successfully been introduced to study this class of equations, for example [3, 10–15]. On the other hand some of the commonly used approaches, for solving nonlinear evolution equations, are: The ansatz [16–18], modified simple equation [19], the first integral [20,21], ( G G 0 )-expansion [22], sine-Gordon expansion [23, 24]. Furthermore, some other excellent works like Kudryashov methods [25], a modified form of Kudryashov and functional variable methods [26–28] have been done by different researchers. In [29–32], the auxiliary equation, the improved tan( φ(η) 2 )-expansion methods and the exp function approach have been explored for discrete and fractional order PDEs as well. Ali and Hassan [33], Hosseini et al. [34] and Zayed and Al-Nowehy [35] all have utilized the exp a function method to explore the exact solutions

### Nonlinear Spinor Field Equations in Gravitational Theory: Spherical Symmetric Soliton Like Solutions

All these activities, diverse and complementary, made in this field [1-14], are also mainly motivated by the wide roles of Einstein and Dirac equations in modern physics, for example, for investigating the spin particle and for the necessity of analysis of synchrotronic radiation [11]. To this purpose, many systems have been subjects of considerable interest and studies. The pioneering inves- tigation could be the work by Drill and Wheeler in 1957 [3], who considered the Dirac equation in a central gravitational field associated with a diagonal metric. Us- ing a normal diagonal tetrad, these authors constructed the generalized angular momentum operator separating the variables in the Dirac equation. Later, in a remarkable paper, appeared in 1987 [12], entitled “Criteria of sepa- rability of variables in the Dirac equation in gravita- tional fields”, Shishkin and Andrushkevich provided the necessary and sufficient conditions, based on rigorous theorems, for separability of the variables for a diagonal tetrad gauge, and deduced the operators that determine the dependence of the wave function on the separated variables. In the same year, Barut and Duru [10] gave exact solutions of the Dirac equation in spatially flat Robertson-Walker space-times for models of expanding universes and discussed the current decomposition. Hence- forth the investigations go into diverse directions, con- sidering various classes of models including different metrics, the general class of which is investigated by Hounkonnou and Mendy in 1999 [13]. Thus, for example, the usual Friedman-Lemaître-Roberston-Walker homoge- neous and isotropic metric of standard cosmology be- longs to this general class of metrics (whether in Carte- sian or spherical coordinates), which also includes gen- eral classes of Kantowski-Sachs metrics for anisotropic cosmologies as well as some examples of metrics used in models for stellar gravitational collapse [14]. It may be worth pointing out that a priori, this class of metrics solves Einstein’s equations for specific distributions of energy-momentum of matter in space-time, in the pres- ence of which the study of the quantized Dirac field may be of interest. Such an avenue could be pursued. For de- tails, see [13] and references therein.

### Soliton solution for nonlinear partial differential equations by the (G'/G )-expansion method and its applications

The nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs) are widely used to describe many important phenomena and dynamic processes in physics, chemistry, biology, fluid dynamics, plasma, optical fibers and other areas of engineering. Many efforts have been made to study NPDEs. One of the most exciting advances of nonlinear science and theoretical physics has been a development of methods that look for exact solutions for nonlinear evolution equations. The availability of symbolic computations such as Mathematica or Maple, has popularized direct seeking for exact solutions of nonlinear equations. Therefore, exact solution methods of nonlinear evolution equations have become more and more important resulting in methods like the tanh method [1–3], extended tanh function method [4, 5], the modified extended tanh

### Searching for traveling wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations in mathematical physics

Nonlinear partial diﬀerential equations (NLPDEs) are important mathematical models to describe physical phenomena. They are also an important ﬁeld in the contemporary study of nonlinear physics, especially in soliton theory. The research on the explicit solution and integrability is helpful in clarifying the movement of the matter under nonlinear interac- tion and plays an important role in scientiﬁcally explaining the physical phenomena. See, for example, ﬂuid mechanics, plasma physics, optical ﬁbers, solid state physics, chemical kinematic, chemical physics and geochemistry. In the present paper, we will consider the following two high-dimensional nonlinear equations:

### Exact spatiotemporal soliton solutions to the generalized three dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation in optical fiber communication

The nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation is one of the important mathematical mod- els in many ﬁelds of physics, which has been widely applied in Bose-Einstein condensates [–], nonlinear optical ﬁber communication [, ], plasma physics [, ], hydrodynamics [], and so on. Recently more and more people have been devoted to solving the exact solutions of the generalized NLS models [–]. Today, the temporal optical solitons of the NLS equation have been the objects of theoretical and experimental studies in opti- cal ﬁber communication, and optical solitons are regarded as an important alternative to the next generation of ultrafast optical telecommunication systems. The study of optical solitons has reached the stage of a real-life application. The propagation of optical pulse in monomode optical ﬁber is governed by the NLS equation.

### Topological soliton solutions of the some nonlinear partial differential equations

Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers and mathematicians because most physical systems are naturally nonlinear in nature [2]. Nonlinear partial differen- tial equations (NPDEs) are difficult to solve and give rise to interesting phenomena such as fluid mechanics, mathematical biology, diffusion process, chemical kinematics, chemical physics, plasma physics, optical fibers, neural physics, solid state physics and many other fields. It is well known that wave phenomena of optical fibers are modeled by dark shaped tanh p solutions or by bright shaped sech p solutions. There is plainly

### Study of Surface Soliton at the Interface Between a Semidiscrete One Dimensional Kerr Nonlinear System and a Continuous Medium (Slab Waveguide)

The presence of an interface between different materials can profoundly affect the evolution of nonlinear excitations. Such interface can support stationary surface waves. These were encountered in various areas of physics including solid-state physics [1], near surface optics [2], plasmas [3], and acoustics [4]. In nonlinear optics, surface waves were under active consideration since 1980. The progress in their experimental observation was severely limited because of unrealistically high power levels required for surface wave excitation at the interfaces of natural materials. However, shallow refractive index modulations accessible in a technologically fabricated waveguide array (or lattice) may facilitate the formation of surface waves at moderate power levels at the edge of semi-infinite arrays as was suggested in Ref. [5]. This has led to the observation of one-dimensional surface solitons in arrays with focusing nonlinearity [6]. Defocusing lattice interfaces are also capable to support surface gap solitons [7, 8 & 9]. Surface lattice solitons may exist not only in cubic and saturable materials, but also in quadratic [10] and nonlocal [11] media, as well as at the interfaces of complex arrays [12].

### Exact Traveling Wave Solution for Nonlinear Fractional Partial Differential Equation Arising in Soliton using the exp( f(?)) Expansion Method

The nonlinear partial differential equations of mathematical physics are major subjects in physical science [1]. Exact solutions for these equations play an important role in many phenomena in physics such as fluid mechanics, hydrodynamics, Optics, Plasma physics and so on. Recently many new approaches for finding these solutions have been proposed, for example, tanh - seen method [2]-[4], extended tanh - method [5]-[7], sine - cosine method [8]-[10], homogeneous balance method [11, 12],F-expansion method [13]-[15], exp-function method [16, 17], trigonometric function series method [18], ( 𝐺

### Cross soliton and breather soliton for the $$(3+1)$$ dimensional Yu–Toda–Sasa–Fukuyama equation

It is well established now that the higher-dimensional nonlinear wave ﬁelds have richer be- havior than one-dimensional ones. It was veriﬁed that the existence of two solitons having the structures peculiar to a higher-dimensionality may contribute to the variety of the dy- namics of nonlinear waves [1–3]. Thereby, seeking for exact solution and studying dynam- ical behavior [4–7] of solutions are very signiﬁcant in physics, mathematics, and nonlin- ear science ﬁelds for understanding the complexity and variety of dynamics determined by high-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation [8–10]. In soliton theory, the soliton solutions are obtained by the use of the inverse scattering method, Bäcklund transfor- mation, Darboux transformation, Painlevè method, Hirota method, the tanh method, the generalized Riccati equation expansion method, homoclinic test method, etc. [11–18]. In this work, we would like to use the parameter perturbation method for seeking dynamical feature of soliton solution for the (3 + 1)-dimensional Yu–Toda–Sasa–Fukuyama (YTSF) equation.

### Dark soliton and periodic wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations

In recent years, many powerful methods to construct exact solutions of nonlinear partial diﬀerential equations have been established and developed, which led to one of the most exciting advances of nonlinear science and theoretical physics. Particularly, the existence of soliton-type solutions for nonlinear models is of great importance because of their po- tential application in many physics areas such as nonlinear optics, plasmas, ﬂuid mechan- ics, condensed matter and many more. Remarkably, the interest in dark and bright solitons has been growing steadily in recent years [–]. In fact, many kinds of exact soliton solu- tions have been obtained by using, for example, the tanh-sech method [–], extended tanh method [–], homogeneous balance method [, ], ﬁrst integral method [, ], Jacobi elliptic function method [, ], ( G

### The Traveling Wave Solutions for Some Nonlinear PDEs in Mathematical Physics

[2] N. A. Kudryashov, “Exact Soliton Solutions of the Gene- ralized Evolution Equation of Wave Dynamics,” Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Vol. 52, No. 3, 1988, pp. 361-365. doi:10.1016/0021-8928(88)90090-1 [3] J. Weiss, “The Panleve Property for Partial Differential

### Bilinear approach to soliton and periodic wave solutions of two nonlinear evolution equations of Mathematical Physics

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2, the bilinear form of (3 + 1)- dimensional potential-YTSF equation is given by applying the Hirota bilinear method. In Sect. 3, N-soliton solutions are presented by using the perturbation approach. In Sect. 4, by virtue of the Riemann theta function, periodic wave solutions are derived successfully, and the asymptotic properties of periodic wave solutions show that periodic wave solution degenerate to soliton solution. Finally, the concluding remarks are presented in Sect. 5. 2 Bilinear form for (3 + 1)-dimensional potential-YTSF equation

### Laser cavity-soliton microcombs

Here, we demonstrate micro-comb laser cavity-solitons. Laser cavity-solitons are intrinsically background free and have underpinned key breakthroughs in semiconductor lasers [22,25-28]. By merging their properties with the physics of multi-mode systems [29], we provide a new paradigm for soliton generation and control in micro-cavities. We demonstrate 50 nm wide bright soliton combs induced at average powers more than one order of magnitude lower than the Lugiato-Lefever soliton power threshold [22], measuring a mode efficiency of 75% versus the theoretical limit of 5% for bright Lugiato-Lefever solitons [23]. Finally, we can tune the repetition- rate by well over a megahertz without any active feedback.

### Supplementary Materials for “ High-speed optical neural networks based on microcombs

Critical for micro-combs is the ability to phase-lock the frequency comb modes, and many oscillation states have been explored to achieve this, including feedback-stabilized Kerr combs [s1], dark solitons [s2] and dissipative Kerr solitons (DKS) [s3]. While many of these approaches have enabled breakthroughs [27], all (particularly DKS and dark soliton states described by the Lugiato-Lefever equation [27]) require sophisticated feedback systems and complex dynamic pumping schemes to initiate and sustain [s1, s3]. Here, we employ a new and powerful class of micro-comb based on what have been termed “soliton crystals” that are generated from a fundamentally different process and which offer significantly improved simplicity compared to DKS states. They are naturally formed in micro-cavities that display the appropriate form of mode crossings, without the need for the complex dynamic tuning mechanisms that DKS require. They were termed ‘soliton crystals’, due to their crystal-like profile in the angular domain in micro-ring resonators [36, 37]. To generate coherent micro-combs, a CW pump laser (Yenista Tunics – 100S-HP) was employed, with the power amplified to 30dBm by an optical amplifier (Pritel PMFA-37) and the wavelength subsequently swept from blue to red. The acquired soliton crystals optical spectra are shown in Fig. S1. We note that when locking the pump wavelength to the resonance of the MRR, the stability of the microcomb can be further enhanced that could even serve as frequency standards [22].

### Nonlinear Schrödingers equations with cubic nonlinearity: M-derivative soliton solutions by $\exp(-\Phi(\xi))$-Expansion method

Abstract This paper uses the exp( −Φ(ξ ))-Expansion method to investigate solitons to the M-fractional nonlinear Schr¨odingers equation with cubic nonlinearity. The results obtained are dark solitons, trigonometric function solutions, hyperbolic solutions and rational solu- tions. Thus, the constraint relations between the model coefficients and the traveling wave frequency coefficient for the existence of solitons solutions are also derived.

### Nonlinear Aspects of Quantum Plasma Physics: Nanoplasmonics and Nanostructures in Dense Plasmas

In this section, we discuss the nonlinear interaction between intense electromagnetic radiation and quantum plasma oscillations [46]. We consider a one-dimensional geometry of an unmagnetized dense electron-ion plasma, in which immobile ions form the neutralizing background. Thus, these phenomena are on a timescale shorter than the ion plasma period. An intense circularly polarized electro- magnetic (CPEM) plane wave interacts nonlinearly with the EPOs, giving rise to an envelope of the CPEM vector potential A ⊥ = A ⊥ ( ˆ x + iˆ y ) exp( − i ω 0 t + ik 0 z), which obeys

### Multi soliton solutions, bilinear Backlund transformation and Lax pair of nonlinear evolution equation in (2+1)-dimension

Advancement in science and mathematical modelling dealing with complex natu- ral phenomenon give rise to induction of more and more nonlinear partial differential equations(NLPDE) with constant and variable coefficients, more precisely with con- cept of deterministic chaos, natural world has been revealed as nonlinear one [1]. Due to this inherited nonlinearity in partial differential equation, the integrability is big issue, and moreover the integrability for nonlinear partial differential equation cannot be claimed in general. When one says the model is integrable, one should point out under what special meaning it is integrable. B¨ acklund transformations, Lax pairs, conservation laws and infinite symmetries may regarded as predictors of complete in- tegrability [23]. For example, absence of movable singularities in solution of equation can be claimed as integrability in sense of Painlev´e property and equation having multi-soliton solution is also eligible candidate for complete integrability in term of Hirota’s formalism.