CHAPTER : ORGANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT

ANDHERI / BORIVALI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / MULUND/ NERUL / POWAI TOPIC : ORGANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT - I

1. ___________ is a functional unit of nature, where organisms interact with each other and their surroundings.

(a) Environment (b) Ecosystem (c) Zonation (d) Stratification 2. The place where a particular organism lives is called ___________.

(a) factors (b) niche (c) habitat (d) environment

3. The physical space occupied by the organism is called __________.

(a) spatial niche (b) trophic niche

4. Position of the organism in the environmental gradients is called __________.

(a) habitat (b) spatial niche

5. Herbivores and carnivores are ______________.

(a) micro-consumers (b) macro-consumers (c) abiotic components (d) artificial components 6. The micro-consumers are commonly called ___________ .

(a) decomposers (b) herbivores (c) carnivores (d) omnivores 7. Zonation is _______________.

(a) a spatial pattern which occurs vertically (b) a spatial pattern which occurs transversely

8. The spatial pattern which occurs vertically, determined by height of organisms is called ________.

(a) spatial niche (b) zonation (c) stratification (d) net productivity 9. In a forest community stratification takes place when _________.

(a) density and distribution of species vary along a horizontal gradient (b) density and distribution of species vary along a vertical gradient (c) trees of different species grow to different heights

(d) trees of different species grow with same heights

10. The amount of organic matter (biomass) accumulated in any unit time is called __________.

(a) structure of an ecosystem (b) function of an ecosystem (c) spatial pattern of an ecosystem (d) productivity of an ecosystem

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11. The rate at which the solar energy is converted and stored by the producers is called _________.

(a) primary productivity (b) secondary productivity (c) tertiary productivity (d) net productivity

12. The total rate of photosynthesis including the organic matter used up in respiration during definite period is known as _______________.

(a) gross primary productivity (b) net primary productivity (c) secondary productivity (d) none of the above

13. Which of the following is estimated in either chlorophyll content or photosynthetic number?

(a) Net primary productivity (b) Gross primary productivity (c) Secondary productivity (d) Net productivity

14. The balance between photosynthesis and respiration and other plant losses as death is referred as _________.

(a) Gross primary productivity (b) Secondary productivity (c) Net primary productivity (d) Net productivity

15. The rate of storage of organic matter not used by consumers is termed as -

(a) Gross primary productivity (b) Net secondary productivity (c) Net productivity (d) Secondary productivity 16. Net productivity is expressed as __________.

(a) Production of Chl/g dry wt/unit area (b) CO₂ fixed/g chl/hour (c) Production of C g/m²/day (d) O2 fixed/ g chl/hour 17. Detritus food chain starts from _________.

(a) dead organic matter (b) green plants

18. Water soluble inorganic nutrients go down into the soil horizon and get precipitated as salts, this process is called _____________.

(a) mineralization (b) humification (c) leaching (d) fragmentation 19. Formation of humus by the process of decomposition is called _________.

(a) fragmentation (b) humification (c) mineralization (d) leaching 20. In forest ecosystem, pyramid of number is ___________.

(a) upright (b) inverted

(c) both upright and inverted (d) either upright or inverted 21. In a food chain, the total amount of living material is depicted by ____________.

(a) pyramid of biomass (b) pyramid of energy (c) pyramid of zonation (d) trophic levels 22. Inverted pyramid of ___________ is observed in sea.

(a) numbers (b) biomass (c) energy (d) productivity

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23. In an ecological energetic, we study __________.

(a) quantity of solar energy reaching to the ecosystem

(b) quantity of energy used by green plants for photosynthesis.

(d) all of the above

24. _____________ of sunlight reaches to the earth’s surface.

(a) 34% (b) 56% (c) 10% (d) 0.02%

25. ____________ of sunlight is used for photosynthesis.

(a) 0.02% (b) 2% (c) 4% (d) 10%

26. Which of the following factors are important while understanding the process of energy flow?

(i) The efficiency of producers in absorption and conversion of solar energy (ii) Use of converted solar energy by consumers.

(iii) The total input of energy in form of food and its efficiency of assimilation.

(iv) The loss of energy through respiration, heat and excretion.

(v) The gross net production

(a) (ii) and (iv) are important (b) (i), (iii) and (v) are important (c) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) are important (d) (iv) and (v) are important 27. Out of the total quantity of global carbon, ____________ is found dissolved in oceans.

(a) 35% (b) 49% (c) 71% (d) 50%

28. Carbon dioxide dissolves readily in water and precipitates to form __________.

(a) calcium sulphate (b) calcium phosphate (c) calcium nitrate (d) calcium carbonate 29. The fossil fuels can be ___________ and __________ in future for releasing CO2 in the atmosphere.

(a) mined, burned (b) fragmented, leached

(c) leached, mineralized (d) burned, mineralized 30. A biogeochemical cycle without an atmospheric component is __________.

(a) carbon cycle (b) phosphorus cycle (c) nitrogen cycle (d) sulphur cycle 31. Overabundance of phosphorous in coastal areas and at the mouth of rivers causing overgrowth of

algae which results in the depletion of oxygen and killing of aquatic life is called ___________.

(a) mineralization (b) eutrophication (c) leaching (d) humification 32. The sum total of all the population in a given habitat is called ___________.

(a) community (b) ecosystem

(a) where no living organisms ever existed

(b) which has lost all the living organisms once existed.

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34. Pioneers are _________.

(a) organisms of first seral stage (b) organisms of second seral stage (c) organisms of third seral stage (d) organisms of fourth seral stage

35. The amount of __________ determines the pattern of ecological succession in the given area.

(a) soil (b) water (c) trees (d) minerals

36. Xerarch succession is observed in ___________.

(a) desert areas (b) terrestrial areas (c) aquatic areas (d) marshy areas 37. Ecological services include ___________.

(a) CO2 fixation, release of O2, pollination (b) O2 fixation, release of CO2, fertilization (c) nitrogen fixation, release of NH3, syngamy

(d) phosphorous fixation, release of phosphate, transformation.

38. Which gaseous element takes part in ozone layer formation?

(a) Hydrogen (b) Carbon (c) Oxygen (d) Nitrogen

39. When pesticides are applied to protect crop plants from pests and diseases, only about ________ of the spray preparation hits the target.

(a) 20% (b) 10% (c) 15% (d) 25%

40. According to the report presented by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nations, __________ is the chief medium for infiltration of pesticides to ground water

(a) soil (b) water (c) air (d) plants

41. Which common pesticide is found in ground water samples?

(a) Endosulfan (b) DDT (c) Urea (d) BHA

42. Deposition of pesticides in fatty tissues of the host is called ?

(a) bioaccumulation (b) leaching (c) biomagnification (d) eutrophication 43. Increase in the concentration of pesticides in higher trophic levels is called ___________.

(a) recycling (b) biodegradation (c) eutrophication (d) biomagnification 44. The volume of the solid wastes is reduced by ___________.

(a) decomposing it in farms (b) releasing it in water (c) burning it on the dumping grounds (d) throwing it in forest areas 45. __________ were adopted as a substitute to dumping grounds.

(a) Farms (b) Water bodies (c) Industrial areas (d) Sanitary landfills 46. Polyblend is ___________.

(a) a type of rubber (b) a type of cement

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47. Which gases other than CO2, can absorb infrared radiations reflected from earth’s surface?

(a) Methane (b) Nitrogen oxides (c) Chlorofluorocarbon (d) All of the above 48. The heating-up of earth’s atmosphere due to trapped infrared rays reflected from earth’s surface by

atmospheric gases is called ___________.

(a) green house effect (b) pollution

49. 50% of atmosphere’s temperature is increased by ___________.

(a) CO2 (b) CFCs (c) CH4 (d) NH3

50. A/An ___________ treaty was signed in 1987 to control the emission of ozone depleting substances, mainly CFCs.

(a) Earth summit (b) African environment

51. The permanent removal, decrease or deterioration of forests and woodlands is called ___________.

(a) deforestation (b) afforestation (c) reforestation (d) forestation 52. Slash and burn agriculture is commonly called as ___________.

(a) tissue culture cultivation (b) plant breeding cultivation (c) forest cultivation (d) Jhum cultivation

53. Conservation and management of forest can be done by ___________.

(i) effective control of wild fire using suitable measures (ii) regulating grazing of animals in forest lands

(iii) adopting reforestation and afforestation programmes.

(iv) educating people about hazards of deforestation.

(a) only (i) and (ii) are applicable (b) only (iii) and (iv) are applicable (c) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are applicable (d) only (iv) is applicable

54. Restoring a forest that once existed is called ___________.

(a) afforestation (b) reforestation (c) deforestation (d) agroforestation 55. Plantation of trees in barren and unexploited land to improve environment is known as __________.

(a) reforestation (b) deforestation (c) afforestation (d) agroforestation 56. Every year ____________ is observed as the World Environment Day.

(a) 24^th December (b) 6^th June (c) 5^th June (d) 1^st January

57. The Government of India has introduced the concept of ___________ to work closely and effectively with local communities for protecting forests.

(a) Group Forest Management (GFM) (b) Joint Forest Management (JFM) (c) Communities Forest Management (CFM) (d) People Forest Management (PFM)

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58. The trophic niche is ___________.

(a) the physical space occupied by the organism

(b) the trophic position of the organism and its functional role (c) the position of the organism in the environmental gradients (d) the functional role of an organism in the environment.

59. Density and distribution of species vary along ___________.

(a) concentration gradient (b) horizontal gradient (c) vertical gradient (d) none of these

60. In an ecosystem, there is flow of energy at different trophic levels. This is as follows ___________.

(a) Primary consumers-Secondary consumers –Decomposers-Producers

(b) Producers- Primary consumers- Secondary consumers- Tertiary consumers- Decomposers (c) Producers- Decomposers- Primary consumers- Tertiary consumers- Secondary consumers (d) Producers- Primary consumers- Tertiary consumers- Secondary consumers- Decomposers 61. Growth of lichens on the rocks and growth of mosses followed by herbs, shrubs and trees is

considered as ___________.

(a) primary succession (b) secondary succession (c) hydrarch succession (d) xerarch succession 62. Spatial means ___________.

(a) related with space (b) related with time (c) related with plants (d) related with animals 63. The ecological niche of an organism helps to understand ___________.

(a) how it transforms energy, behaves, responds to and modifies its physical and biotic environment.

(b) the differences between the species at same physical place.

(d) all of the above.

64. Which of the following is a man made artificial ecosystem?

(a) Grassland ecosystem (b) Agro-ecosystem

65. Idea of productivity of an ecosystem is based on -

(a) pyramid of number (b) pyramid of biomass

(c) height of the plant (d) development of foliage 66. The pyramid of number and the pyramid of biomass represent ___________.

(a) the rate of energy loss (b) the rate of food production (c) the rate of respiration (d) relationship among organisms

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67. The pyramid of energy is the best representation of an ecosystem because it indicates ___________.

(a) number of all plants and animals (b) total energy present in an ecosystem

68. The transfer of energy from one organism to another in a natural community establishes _________.

(a) food chains (b) biological control (c) natural barriers (d) all the above 69. A food chain starts with the phenomenon of ___________.

(a) nitrogen fixation (b) photosynthesis (c) respiration (d) decomposition 70. The trophic level of lion in a forest ecosystem is ___________.

(a) T3 (b) T4 (c) T3 (d) T1

71. Guano birds assist the cycling of ___________.

(a) nitrogen (b) phosphorous (c) carbon (d) N2 and carbon both 72. Ecological succession is the ___________.

(a) sudden change in the species composition of a given area.

(b) gradual change in the species composition of a given area.

(d) gradual change in the habitat of a particular species.

73. Which of the following statements are correct about ecological succession?

(i) Primary succession is very slow process.

(ii) Secondary succession is faster process than primary succession.

(iii) Primary succession is very fast process.

(iv) Secondary succession is very slow process.

(a) (i) and (ii) are correct (b) (iii) and (iv) are correct (c) (i) and (iv) are correct (d) (ii) and (iii) are correct 74. Bioaccumulation causes due to non-biodegradable substance called -

(a) organo chlorine pesticides (b) organo phosphate insecticides

75. Which citizen role is important from the following in case of waste management ?

(a) Categorization of waste into bio-degradable, non-biodegradable and recyclable waste.

(b) Every independent house or condominium of apartments should have a pit for domestic wastes (c) Every citizen should try to reduce garbage generation and minimize the use of

non-biodegradable products.

(d) All of the above

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76. Which of the following enhances bitumen’s water repellent properties?

(a) Polyblend (b) Plastic (c) Rayon (d) Endosulfan

77. What is a green house ?

(a) a glass house used for growing plants during summer (b) a glass house used for growing plants during winter (c) a metal house used for growing plants during winter (d) a metal house used for growing plants during summer 78. Find the odd statement about global warming ___________.

(a) Increased CO2 concentration has led to global warming.

(b) Industrialization and deforestation are the major factors responsible for global warming.

(d) Global warming has caused melting of glaciers and flooding of low lying coastal areas.

79. The following statements about deforestation are true except ___________.

(a) deforestation has caused extinction of species and soil erosion.

(b) deforestation has led to the development of suitable environment (c) deforestation has caused shrinking of fuel wood and shortage of timber (d) deforestation has increased the incidents of landslides.

80. Which of the following process helps in nutrient conservation?

(a) Mineralization (b) Immobilization (c) Leaching (d) Nitrification 81. What is the fate of carbon present in plants and animals?

(a) Carbon can be liberated to the atmosphere through respiration

(b) When an animal or a plant dies, carbon can be released to the atmosphere through action of decomposers.

(d) All of the above.

82. The term ‘niche’ of a species refers to ___________.

(a) specific and habitual function

(b) specific place where an organism lives and its functional role in the community (c) competitive power of an organism

(d) specific function of an organism

83. Humus is important for plant growth because ___________.

(a) it is partially decomposed (b) it is derived from leaves

(d) it is made up of dead organic matter

84. The pyramid of number is based on ___________.

(a) unit per area (b) food per individual

(a) producer (b) carbohydrates in plants

86. Food levels in an ecosystem are called ___________.

(a) trophic levels (b) consumer levels (c) producer levels (d) herbivore levels

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87. The branch of biology that deals with the study of interaction between organisms and environment is

called _________ .

(a) physiology (b) morphology (c) ecology (d) ecosystem 88. Humus is an example of __________.

(a) inorganic matter (b) organic matter (c) soil structure (d) crystalloids 89. The role of an organism in the ecological system is known as ___________ .

(a) habitat (b) niche (c) biome (d) interaction

90. Which of the following is an abiotic component of an ecosystem?

(a) Water (b) Algae (c) Bacteria (d) Fungi

91. Biotic components include __________ .

(a) only producers (b) only consumers

(a) Krebs (b) Tansley (c) Grinnel (d) Clements

93. The term niche means __________ .

(a) habitat of an organism (b) functional role of an organism

(c) interaction among organisms (d) habitat and functional role of an organism 94. Which of the following utilizes inorganic materials?

(a) Autotrophs (b) Decomposers (c) Saprophytes (d) Heterotrophs 95. Climax community is _________ .

(a) unstable community (b) stable community (c) intermediate community (d) initial community 96. Primary succession on rocks starts with ___________ .

(a) herbs (b) shrubs (c) trees (d) lichens

97. In ‘hydrosere’, the submerged stage is followed by ________ .

(a) free floating plants (b) rooted hydrophytes

98. A community that starts the process of succession in a habitat is called __________ .

(a) abiotic community (b) biotic community

99. Which of the following are pioneers of primary succession?

(a) Mosses (b) Trees (c) Shrubs (d) Lichens

100. Which of the following are plant decomposers?

(a) Monera and Fungi (b) Fungi and Plantae (c) Protista and Animalia (d) Monera and Animalia

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101. Primary source of energy in an ecosystem is _________ .

(a) glucose stored in plants (b) solar energy

(a) desert (b) occan (c) mountain (d) forest

103. Pyramid of energy in a pond ecosystem is always _____________.

(a) upright (b) inverted (c) linear (d) none of these 104. In an upright pyramid of biomass, the herbivores occupy the ___________ position.

(a) 1^st (b) 2^nd (c) 3^rd (d) 4^th

105. Total amount of living material at the various trophic levels of a food chain is depicted by pyramids of __________ .

(a) number (b) energy (c) biomass (d) all of these

106. Green house effect is due to ________ . (a) CFCs

(b) O3

107. The food chain in which microorganisms break down the energy rich compounds is called _______.

(a) parasitic food chain (b) detritus food chain

108. The niche of the population is the ___________ .

(a) place where it lives (b) geographical area that it covers

(c) set of conditions that interacts (d) geographical area and resources it uses 109. An ecological pyramid of biomass represents _____________ .

(a) population in each food web (b) tissue organization at each trophic level (c) energy flow through each trophic level (d) all of these

110. In an ecosystem, bacteria are considered as ___________ .

(a) microconsumers (b) macroconsumers (c) primary consumers (d) secondary consumers 111. Inverted pyramid of biomass can be traced in one of the following ecosystems _________.

(a) rain forest (b) desert (c) ocean (d) tundra

112. Phytoplanktons of a pond ecosystem act as ___________ .

(a) producers (b) primary consumers (c) decomposers (d) secondary consumers 113. This is an inverted pyramid __________ .

(a) pyramid of number in a grass land (b) pyramid of energy in pond system (c) pyramid of biomass in a grass land (d) pyramid of biomass in pond system

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114. Green plants constitute ______________ .

(a) 1^st trophic level (b) 2^nd trophic level (c) 3^rd trophic level (d) 4^th trophic level 115. A lake ecosystem is ___________ .

(a) artificial (b) abiotic (c) natural (d) hydrological 116. Ecological pyramids are of ____________ .

(a) two types (b) three types (c) four types (d) five types

117. If there was no CO2 in the earth’s atmosphere, the temperature of earth’s surface would be ______ . (a) same as present (b) less than present (c) more as present (d) none of these 118. If we completely remove decomposers from an ecosystem its functioning will be adversely affected

because ________ .

(a) energy flow will be blocked (b) herbivores will not receive solar energy (c) mineral movement will be blocked (d) the rate of decomposition will be high 119. Which of the following ecosystems has the highest gross primary productivity?

(a) Grassland (b) Coral reef (c) Mangrooves (d) Tropical rain forest 120. In any food chain, the largest population is that of _____________ .

(a) primary consumers (b) tertiary consumers

121. Deforestation has an alarming effect on ____________ .

(a) soil erosion (b) weed control

122. Which one of the following is not a functional unit of an ecosystem?

(a) Productivity (b) Stratification (c) Energy flow (d) Decomposition 123. Which one of the following is not a gaseous biogeochemical cycle in ecosystem?

(a) Nitrogen cycle (b) Sulphur cycle (c) Carbon cycle (d) Phosphorous cycle 124. Identfy the possible link “A” in the following food chain :

Plant  Insect  Frog  “A”  Eagle

(a) Cobra (b) Parrot (c) Rabbit (d) Wolf

125. The type of ecosystem with the highest mean plant productivity is ________ . (a) temperate grassland (b) tropical rain forest

126. The final stable community in ecological succession is __________ .

(a) climax (b) sere (c) pioneers (d) carnivores

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127. Trophic levels in ecosystem are formed by ___________ .

(a) only herbivores (b) only plants

(a) Spirogyra (b) Agaricus (c) Volvox (d) Nostoc

129. During the process of ecological succession, the changes that take place in communities are ______.

(a) orderly and sequential (b) random

130. Edaphic factor refers to _________ .

(a) water (b) soil (c) relative humidity (d) altitude 131. Which of the following is an ecosystem service provided by a natural ecosystem?

(a) Cycling of nutrients (b) Prevention of soil erosion

ANDHERI / BORIVALI / DADAR / CHEMBUR / THANE / MULUND/ NERUL / POWAI

TOPIC: ORGANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT – I (ANSWER KEY)

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)

6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)

11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (c)

16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)

21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (a)

26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (b)

31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (a) 35. (b)

36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (a)

41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (d)

46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (a) 50. (c)

51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (b) 55. (c)

56. (c) 57. (b) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (b)

61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (d) 64. (b) 65. (b)

66. (d) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (b) 70. (b)

71. (b) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (a) 75. (d)

76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (c) 79. (b) 80. (a)

81. (d) 82. (b) 83. (c) 84. (c) 85. (d)

86. (a) 87. (c) 88. (b) 89. (b) 90. (a)

91. (d) 92. (c) 93. (d) 94. (a) 95. (b)

96. (d) 97. (a) 98. (c) 99. (d) 100. (a)

101. (b) 102. (d) 103. (a) 104. (b) 105. (c)

106. (d) 107. (b) 108. (d) 109. (b) 110. (a)

111. (c) 112. (a) 113. (d) 114. (a) 115. (c)

116. (b) 117. (b) 118. (c) 119. (d) 120. (d)

121. (a) 122. (b) 123. (d) 124. (a) 125. (b)

126. (a) 127. (d) 128. (b) 129. (a) 130. (b)

131. (d)