ECC Chapter 11 Personality.pptx

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Personality Chapter 11

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Personality

• _{Personality – One’s unique and consistent}

patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

• _{Many different perspectives on personality:}

– _{Psychoanalytic Perspective} – _{Humanistic Perspective}

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Psychoanalytic Perspective

• _{Stresses the importance of unconscious}

mental processes, sexual and aggressive

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Psychoanalytic Perspective

• _{Freud saw personality as the result of conflicting}

psychological forces within us at all times.

• _{These forces operate at three different levels of}

awareness:

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Levels of Awareness

• _{Consciousness}

– _{Thoughts, feelings, and sensations that you’re aware of at any}

moment.

• _{Preconsciousness}

– _{Information you’re not currently aware of but can bring into}

conscious awareness.

• _{Unconsciousness}

– _{Information that you are not aware of and are not directly}

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Psychoanalytic Perspective

• _{Freud believed that a large part of our behavior}

and personality is driven by unconscious forces

and that these unconscious desires can seep

through into consciousness in our dreams or

free association.

• _{Developed dream analysis in efforts to try to}

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Psychoanalytic Perspective

-_{Our personalities consists of three basic structures:}

-_id

-_{Unconscious and irrational, seeks immediate satisfaction of}

instinctual urges and drives. Driven by the Pleasure Principle

-_Ego

-Partly conscious and rational, regulates thoughts and behavior and is most in touch with the demands of the real world. Driven by the Reality Principle.

-_Superego

-_{Partly conscious, self-evaluative, moralistic component. Formed}

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Psychoanalytic Perspective

• _{The ego serves as a mediator between the id}

and the Superego.

– _{It does this through Ego-defensive Mechanisms}

• _{If the id overpowers the Superego, a person can} become extremely impulsive and destructive.

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Ego Defensive Mechanisms

• _{Serve to protect the ego by distorting how we look at}

reality:

– _{Repression – completely excluding the behavior from} conscious awareness.

– _{Sublimation – Displacement in which id/superego urges} are rechanneled into productive, non-destructive activities. – _{Projection – The attribution of one’s own unacceptable}

urges or qualities on to others.

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Limits to Psychoanalytic Perspective

– _{Not a great amount of evidence.} – _{Not scientifically verifiable.}

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Humanistic Perspective

• _{Emphasizes understanding personality and}

behavior through emphasizing human

potential, self-actualization, self-concept and

healthy development.

• _{Believed that people have an Actualizing}

Tendency, or an innate drive to maintain and

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Humanistic Perspective

• _{Focused on the development of Self-Concept}

and maintained that

UNconditional

positive

regard is needed for adaptive personality

development.

• _{Conditional Positive Regard – The idea that}

you will be valued and loved only if you

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Humanistic Perspective

– _{Believed that conditional positive regard causes} children to learn to deny or distort their genuine feelings.

– _{This leads to an incongruence between their}

feelings and their behavior (remember cognitive dissonance?)

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Humanistic Perspective

• _{Believed that through consistent}

unconditional positive regard, a person

becomes a psychologically healthy, and fully

functioning person with an evolving

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Evaluating Humanistic Perspective

-

_{Hard to validate scientifically}

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Social Cognitive Perspective

– _{A persons personality is developed by}

observational learning, conscious cognitive

processes, social experiences, self-efficacy, and reciprocal determinism.

• _{A behavioral approach to Personality}

– _{Reciprocal Determinism – Personality is caused by}

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Social Cognitive Perspective

-

_{Self-Efficacy}

- _{The degree to which you are convinced of your} own capabilities in a specific situation.

- _{Different from self-esteem.}

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Evaluating Social Cognitive Perspective

– _{Strong empirical research support.} – _{Scientifically testable}

– _{May only apply to laboratory research and not} real-life.

• _{Relationships in reciprocal determinism are often too}

complex to test.

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Trait Perspective

• _{Views personality as a unique combination of}

personality traits.

• _{Trait – Stable, enduring predisposition to}

consistently behave in a certain way.

• _{The more we understand traits, the more we}

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Trait Perspective

• _{Surface Traits – Personality characteristics that}

can be seen easily from observable behavior.

• _{Source Traits - The most fundamental parts of}

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Trait Perspective

• _{Five-Factor Model}

– _{Suggests that there are essentially five source traits.}

• _OCEAN

– Openness

– Conscientiousness

– Extraversion

– _{Agreeableness} – Neuroticism

– _{Can generally find support for five factor model}

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Trait Perspective

• _Openness

– _{Imaginative, creative, prefers variety.}

• _{Conscientiousness}

– _{Hardworking, ambitious, reliable.}

• _Extraversion

– _{Affectionate, talkative, joiner}

• _{Agreeableness}

– _{Acquiescent, softhearted, trusting}

• _Neuroticism

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Trait Perspective

- _{Where do these traits come from?}

- _{Behavioral Genetics- studies the effects of genes and}

heredity on behavior.

- _{Certain traits are substantially influenced by genetics.}

- _{However, there are environmental influences as well.}

- _{Twin studies show that as twins grow up and develop apart,}

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Evaluating Trait Perspective

– _{Good scientific support} – _{Testable and verifiable}

– _{Doesn’t really explain personality}

• _{Explains predispositions to behave in a certain way but}

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Assessing Personality

• _{Projective Tests}

– _{Involves a person interpreting an ambiguous} image.

• _{Used to assess unconscious motives, conflicts,}

psychological defenses, and personality traits.

– _{Rorschach Inkblot Test}

• _{Look at an inkblot card and describe the image in}

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Assessing Personality

• _{Thematic Apperception Test}

– _{Look at an image on a card and tell a story about}

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Evaluating Projective Tests

• _{Provides some insight into an individual’s}

psychological functioning.

• _{Can help determine psychopathy as well as areas}

of further exploration in therapy.

• _{Testing situation or examiners behavior can}

determine the person’s responses.

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Assessing Personality

• _{Self-Report Inventories}

– _{A persons responses to standardized questions are}

compared to established norms.

– _MMPI

• _{Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory} – 567 “True”, “False”, or “Cannot Say” questions.

• _{Asks questions regarding a number of topics ranging from social}

and political attitudes, physical and psychological health,

interpersonal relationships, and abnormal thoughts or behaviors.

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MMPI

• _{Your patterns of answers on these 567 questions}

correlate with potential profiles of mental illness and suggest areas of potential psychopathology or focus in therapy as well as a general profile of the personality of the individual.

• _{Contains Validity Questions}

– _{Questions when if answered a certain way, indicate the} individual is not being truthful.

• _{I.e. Responding true to “I}_never_{put off until tomorrow what I should}