• No results found

Achieving higher capability maturity in construction process improvement

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Achieving higher capability maturity in construction process improvement"

Copied!
12
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

Keraminiyage, Kaushal, Amaratunga, Dilanthi and Haigh, Richard

Achieving higher capability maturity in construction process improvement

Original Citation

Keraminiyage, Kaushal, Amaratunga, Dilanthi and Haigh, Richard (2005) Achieving higher capability maturity in construction process improvement. In: 2nd International Conference for Postgraduate Researchers of the Built And Natural Environment (PRoBE), 16th - 17th November 2005, Glasgow, Scotland. (Unpublished)

This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/25204/

The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided:

• The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy;

• A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and

• The content is not changed in any way.

For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: E.mailbox@hud.ac.uk.

(2)

&"

& % ) ! 3

89 : =<98 @ J9D=C 9:FG<I 9E ;A

3(6&,/6 <GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H ?9> L==@ I=@H F =I 9> G@= GF H?= BGH=@H 9: 8=E?9@ >8> HG 9E? = = H?= I=> <=I B=<FG<89@E= 8B<G =8=@H> K H? @ H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ @I;>H<J

@ 9II H G@, H ?9> F;<H?=< L==@ <=EGD@ >=I H?= 8BG<H9@E= GF :=9<@ @D EG@>H<;EH G@ B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H :=>>G@> F<G8 GH?=< @I;>H<J =298B:=> GFHK9<= @I;>H<J ?9> =2=8B: F =I 9 >;EE=>>F;: 8B:=8=@H9H G@ GF 9 B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H >H<9H=DJ, L9>=I G@ H?= 9B9L : HJ 9H;< HJ GI=: 4 5 K? E? = 9:;9H= H?= E9B9L : H => 9@I 89H;< H => GF G<D9@ >9H G@> @ EG@E=<@ HG =>H9L: >? H?= @=2H := =: GF B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H> @==I=I

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

? > B9B=< 9 8> 9H 9II<=>> @D H? > D9B LJ <= =K @D H?= : H=<9H;<= G@ EG@>H<;EH G@ B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H 9@I H?= >GFHK9<= HG = 9:;9H= H?= 9BB: E9L : HJ GF >GFHK9<=

? D?=< E9B9L : HJ 89H;< HJ := =: > K H? @ H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ EG@H=2H

#'891&5(7 G@>H<;EH G@ <GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H, GFHK9<= , , D?=< 9B9L : HJ 9H;< HJ = =: >

#

H > D=@=<9::J 9I8 HH=I H?9H H?=<= > 9 @==I FG< B=<FG<89@E= 8B<G =8=@H> K H? @ H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ @I;>H<J 9> H > ;@B<=I EH9L:= 9@I ;@I=<$9E? = @D 4 G>A=:9 =H 9:, !** , 9@HG> 9@I GK=::, !** + D9@, ))(+ G = 9@I , ))(+ 9H?98, ))#5

;<H?=< >H;I => 9LG;H H? > @==I <= =9:=I H?9H H?= F<9D8=@H9H G@ 9@I EG@F<G@H9H G@9: <=:9H G@>? B> 9<= H?= 89MG< @? L H> FG< B=<FG<89@E= 8B<G =8=@H @ H 9H => 4 G = 9@I , ))(+ D9@, ))(+ 9H?98, ))#5 <9D8=@H9H G@ 9@I EG@F<G@H9H G@9: <=:9H G@>? B> 9<= >?9<B=@=I I;= HG H?= H<9I H G@9: F;@EH G@9: =K GF EG@>H<;EH G@ B<GM=EH>, K?=<= H?= H9>A> 9<= 9>> D@=I HG @I I;9:> L9>=I G@ H?= < F;@EH G@> K H? 8 @ 8;8 9HH=@H G@ D =@ HG H?= @H=D<9H G@ >>;=> 4 9 <E:G;D?, !**!+ G:H =H 9:, !***5

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

(3)

&'

=@ H?G;D? H?= B=<FG<89@E= 8B<G =8=@H> ?9 = L==@ 9E? = =I H?<G;D? B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H @ H 9H => K H? @ H?= 89@;F9EH;< @D 9@I >=< E=> >=EHG<>, H?= I <=EH 9BB: E9L : HJ GF H? > >H<9H=DJ K H? @ EG@>H<;EH G@ > I=L9H=I 4>== 9@HG> 9@I GK=::, !** + G = 9@I , ))(+ D9@, ))(5 H > 9<D;=I H?9H H?= B< @E B:=> GF B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H GF H?= @I;>H< => : A= 89@;F9EH;< @D 9@I >=< E=> 9<= @GH <=9I :J 9BB: E9L:= K H? @ H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ EG@H=2H, I;= HG H?= .;@ O;=/ @9H;<= GF H?= B<GI;EH

;<H?=<, H?= EG8B:=2 >;BB:J E?9 @ 9<<9@D=8=@H> 9@I B<GM=EH L9>=I B<GI;EH I=: =<J >J>H=8> ?9 = 9:>G L==@ I=@H F =I 9> @? L H> FG< B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H @ H 9H =>

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

GK= =<, H?= 9LG = 9<D;8=@H IG=> @GH >;DD=>H H?9H H?= @@G 9H G@> 9@I 8B<G =8=@H @ H 9H => K H? @ GH?=< @I;>H< => E9@ <=9I :J L= 9BB: E9L:= K H? @ 9 EG@>H<;EH G@ =@ <G@8=@H > ::<9@A 4 ))"5 ?9 = BG @H=I G;H, H?= EG<= I=9 GF 9@ @@G 9H G@ @ G@= @I;>H<J >?G;:I L= 9L>H<9EH=I 9@I H?=@ <=E<=9H=I @ 9 FG<8, K? E? H F H> @ :GE9: EG@I H G@> ?= B<GL:=8 H?=@ L=EG8=> ?GK HG <=E<=9H= B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H @ H 9H => 9@I @@G 9H G@> GF GH?=< @I;>H< => K H? @ H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ =@ <G@8=@H

7

@H : <=E=@H:J, H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ @I;>H<J ?9> ?9I F=K <=EGD@ >=I 8=H?GIG:GD => G< F<98=KG<A> G@ K? E? HG L9>= 9 B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H @ H 9H = 4 9<>?9< =H 9: , !***95

? > > B9<H E;:9<:J 9BB9<=@H K?=@ EG@> I=< @D H?= 9 9 :9L : HJ GF >;E? F<98=KG<A> G< 8=H?GIG:GD => HG :GGA 9H H?= G<D9@ >9H G@9: 89H;< HJ 9@I E9B9L : HJ 9>B=EH> K H? @ EG@>H<;EH G@ B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H @ H 9H => @: A= @ 9 : @ =< B<GI;EH G@ > H;9H G@, H?= B<GM=EH L9>=I @9H;<= GF EG@>H<;EH G@ I=89@I> EG8B:=2 <=:9H G@>? B> L=HK==@ 9< G;> B9<H => ?=>= EG8B:=2 H => 9<= @F:;=@H 9: F9EHG<> K?=@ I=H=<8 @ @D H?= G<D9@ >9H G@9: E9B9L : H => K? E? 9<= > L:= @ 9<J @D I=D<==> G<=G =<, H? > ? @I=<> H?= E9B9L : H => GF G<D9@ >9H G@> HG 9>>=>> H?= < >H9@I9<I> 9@I B< G< H >= H?= < B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H> 9BB<GB< 9H=:J ;<H?=<, 9L>=@E= GF E:=9< D; I9@E= 9H H?= 89E<G := =: ? @I=<> H?= <=B=9H9L : HJ 9@I L=@E?89<A @D E9B9L : H => GF @I I;9: B=<FG<89@E= 8B<G =8=@H> 4 F 9@J5 9H @I;>H<J := =: 4 9<>?9< =H 9:, !***95 ?;> H > 8BG<H9@H HG =>H9L: >? 9 >H<;EH;<=I, EG88G@ 9BB<G9E? HG EG@>H<;EH G@ B<GE=>> 9>>=>>8=@H 9@I 8B<G =8=@H L9>=I G@ H?= E;<<=@H E9B9L : H => GF H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ @= >;E? 9BB<G9E? K? E? K9> 9 >;EE=>> K H? @ H?= >GFHK9<= @I;>H<J > . ?= GFHK9<= 9B9L : HJ 9H;< HJ

GI=: 4 5/ ?= GFHK9<= 9B9L : HJ 9H;< HJ GI=: K9> I= =:GB=I FG< H?= I=B9<H8=@H GF =F=@E= 4 G 5 K?G > 9 89MG< >GFHK9<= B;<E?9>=< 4 9<>?9< =H 9: ))(5

?= ;>= GF @E:;I=> H?= = 9:;9H G@ GF >GFHK9<= 89@;F9EH;< @D G<D9@ >9H G@> B< G< HG 9K9<I H?=8 EG@H<9EH> > L9>=I G@ 9 F = := =::=I >H<;EH;<= H? @ H? > G<D9@ >9H G@> 9<= <9@D=I F<G8 := =: HG := =: " L9>=I G@ H?= < 89H;< HJ H? @ H? > F<98=KG<A, > L==@ I=F @=I 9> .9 K=:: I=F @=I = G:;H G@9<J B:9H=9; HGK9<I> 9E? = @D

(4)

&&

89H;<= B<GE=>>=> 9E? 89H;< HJ := =: B<G I=> 9 :9J=< @ H?= FG;@I9H G@ FG< EG@H @;G;> B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H/ 4 9;:A =H 9:, )) 5 = =: G<D9@ >9H G@> 9<= H?= :=9>H 89H;<=I G<D9@ >9H G@> K?=<= 9> := =: " G<D9@ >9H G@> 9<= H?= 8G>H 89H;<=I G<D9@ >9H G@> @ G<I=< HG 9E? = = 9 >B=E F =I 89H;< HJ := =:, G<D9@ >9H G@> 8;>H >9H >FJ 9:: H?= A=J B<GE=>>=> I=F @=I K H? @ H?= 88=I 9H= L=:GK 89H;< HJ := =: ?= G<D9@ >9H G@> 9<= H=>H=I 9D9 @>H .A=J =@9L:=<>/ HG I=H=<8 @= K=9H?=< H?=J ?9 = >9H >F =I =9E? A=J B<GE=>> ?<G;D? H? > F<98=KG<A, G<D9@ >9H G@> 9<= D; I=I HG 9IGBH >H=BK >= B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H> ? > F<98=KG<A =@>;<=> H?9H H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ @ O;=>H G@ > <=9IJ FG< H?= @=2H := =: GF B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H ? >, @H=<@ @ H 9: >= 9 B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H E;:H;<= K H? @ H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ 9@I D; I=> H?= B<GE=I;<=> 9@I H?= B=GB:= HGK9<I>

8B<G =8=@H>, ;> @D H?= 9 9 :9L:= 9@I BGH=@H 9: HGG:>

9<>?9< =H 9: 4 ))(5 ?9 = 9HH=8BH=I HG 9BB:J H?= B< @E B:=> GF H? > 8GI=: K H? @ H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ @I;>H<J ?= @=2H >=EH G@ B<G I=> 9 L9EAD<G;@I I=>E< BH G@ 9LG;H H? > <=>=9<E? B<GM=EH 9@I H> E;<<=@H >H9H;>

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

::;>H<9H=I 9> FG::GK>

.2%&' ? 89H;< HJ := =:> 4>G;<E= 9<>?9< =H 9:, ))(5

9E? 89H;< HJ := =: ?9> >= =<9: . =J <GE=>> <=9>/ @ G<I=< HG 9E? = = 9 := =: GF 89H;< HJ, H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ >?G;:I >;EE=>>F;::J B=<FG<8 9:: A=J B<GE=>>=> <=:9H=I HG H?9H 89H;< HJ := =: ? > 9L : HJ GF B=<FG<8 @D A=J B<GE=>>=> GF H?9H B9<H E;:9< G<D9@ >9H G@

> = 9:;9H=I 9D9 @>H F = A=J B<GE=>> =@9L:=<> ?G>= 9<=, G88 H8=@H

(5)

&( 9:;9H G@

=< F E9H G@ EH H =>

H > 9:>G >9 I K H? @ H?= F<98=KG<A H?9H G@= G<D9@ >9H G@ E9@@GH >A B 89H;< HJ := =:> K? := B<GD<=>> @D > 9@ =298B:=, HG 9E? = = H? <I := =: 89H;< HJ, G<D9@ >9H G@> ?9 = HG DG H?<G;D? H?= >=EG@I 89H;< HJ := =: 9@I E9@@GH 9I 9@E= I <=EH:J F<G8 F <>H 89H;< HJ := =: HG H? <I 89H;< HJ := =: @ 9II H G@ HG H?= F<98=KG<A, H?=

B<GM=EH ?9> B<GI;E=I 9 8=E?9@ >8 GF H=>H @D H?= BG> H G@ GF 9@ G<D9@ >9H G@ K H? @ H?= F<98=KG<A ?= 8=E?9@ >8 > L9> E9::J 9 O;=>H G@@9 <= 9@I 9 >=< => GF @H=< =K>, H?<G;D? K? E? 9@ G<D9@ >9H G@ E9@ = 9:;9H= H?= < BG> H G@ 9D9 @>H <=O; <=8=@H> GF A=J B<GE=>>=> 9@I A=J B<GE=>> =@9L:=<> K H? @ 9 D =@ 89H;< HJ := =:

?= @ H 9: B<GM=EH K9> 9 8 @D 9H 8B<G @D B<GE=>>=> 9H @I I;9: EG@>H<;EH G@ B<GM=EH> @ 9II H G@, H EG@E=@H<9H=I G@ H?= I= =:GB8=@H GF := =: ! E?9<9EH=< >H E> 9@I A=J B<GE=>>=> = =: G<D9@ >9H G@> ?9 = L==@ I=@H F =I 9> G<D9@ >9H G@> K? E? ;>= 9I$?GE B<GE=>>=> I;< @D H?= < I9J HG I9J 9EH H => @I D=@=<9::J H?=>= G<D9@ >9H G@> 9<= >;< @D G< B=<FG<8 @D I;= HG H?= 9L : HJ GF >G8= @I I;9: E?9<9EH=<> K H? @ H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ @I D=@=<9::J H?=>= G<D9@ >9H G@> 9<= H<J @D HG >;< = HGI9J, <9H?=< H?9@ B:9@@ @D FG< H?= F;H;<=

H? @ H?= F<98=KG<A H?= := =: ! ?9> L==@ I=@H F =I 9> B:9@@=I 9@I H<9EA=I H H? > := =: H?=<= > 9 I=D<== GF B<GM=EH B<=I EH9L : HJ := =: ! G<D9@ >9H G@ ?9> =>H9L: >?=I BG: E => 9@I B<GE=I;<=> FG< 89@9D @D H?= 89MG< B<GM=EH$L9>=I B<GE=>>=> 4 9<>?9< =H 9:, !***L5

FH=< B;L: >? @D H?= F <>H H=<9H G@ @ !***, I;= HG H?= @E<=9>=I @H=<=>H GF @I;>H< 9: >H>, H?= >=EG@I B?9>= GF K9> EG88 >> G@=I @ !**! FGE;> @D G@ B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H 9E<G>> H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ G<D9@ >9H G@ ;< @D H? > B?9>= H?= H? <I := =: B9<98=H=<> 9@I A=J B<GE=>>=> K=<= = 9:;9H=I = =: > I=@H F =I 9> . =:: =F @=I/

H? @ H? > := =: B<9EH E=> 9<= K=:: I=F @=I 9@I @>H H;H G@9: >=I @GK:=ID= E9BH;< @D 9@I >?9< @D 8=E?9@ >8> 9<= =>H9L: >?=I K H? @ H?=>= G<D9@ >9H G@> HG @>H H;H G@9: >= H?= DGGI B<9EH E=> 9@I B<GE=>>=> FH=< H? > @>H H;H G@9: >9H G@, 9 ? D? := =: GF B<=I EH9L : HJ E9@ L= =2B=EH=I HGK9<I> F;H;<= B<GM=EH> GF 9@ G<D9@ >9H G@

B HG I9H= <=>=9<E? >H9H;> GF H?= B<GM=EH >?GK> E:=9< D9B> @ I=@H F E9H G@ GF H?= E?9<9EH=< >H E> GF ? D?=< 89H;< HJ := =:> > H?= 9<>?9< =H 9: 4!***L5 ?9 = =2B: E H:J 8=@H G@=I, >G F9< H?= <=>=9<E? ?9> ?9I : HH:= FGE;> G@ := =: # 9@I " >>;=> @E= := =: # 9@I " GF H?= 9<= >B=E F E9::J 9 8 @D 9H EG@H @;G;> B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H>, H?= =2B:G<9H G@ GF H?= IJ@98 E> GF H?=>= := =:> > =>>=@H 9: K H? @ H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ EG@H=2H, HG 9E? = = H?= I=> <=I B=<FG<89@E= 8B<G =8=@H>

? := :GK=< 89H;< HJ := =:> GF =>H9L: >? H?= <=O; <=I E9B9L : HJ 9@I H?= L9EAD<G;@I GF H?= G<D9@ >9H G@, H?= ? D?=< 89H;< HJ := =:> 9<= <=>BG@> L:= FG< I<989H E 9@I >;>H9 @9L:= B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H> H? @ H?= , H?= IJ@98 E> GF ? D?=< 89H;< HJ := =:> K=<= @GH =2B:G<=I H?G<G;D?:J, :=9 @D H> F;:: BGH=@H 9: ;@=2B:G<=I ? > B9<H GF H?= B9B=< @ =>H D9H=> H? > D9B F<G8 9 EG8B9<9H = L9> > ?= := =: # 9@I =J <GE=>> <=9> K :: L= 9@9:J>=I H?G<G;D?:J, EG8B9< @D H?= I >H @EH =

(6)

&)

E?9<9EH=< >H E> GF LGH? H?= >GFHK9<= 9@I EG@>H<;EH G@ @I;>H< => ;<H?=<8G<=, H? > 9@9:J> > K :: L= =2H=@I=I HG I >E;>> H?= 9BB: E9L : HJ GF H?=>= #H? 89H;< HJ := =: IJ@98 E> K H? @ H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ =@ <G@8=@H @ 9II H G@, H?= "H? 89H;< HJ := =: IJ@98 E> K :: 9:>G L= = 9:;9H=I L< =F:J >;9: > @D H> BGH=@H 9: 9BB: E9L : HJ K H? @ EG@>H<;EH G@

'4'0 ),&,/6'&.(6./( 1<

:= =: # > E:9>> F =I 9> H?= . ?= 9@9D=I = =:/ ?= 8G>H > D@ F E9@H O;9: HJ 8B<G =8=@H> L=D @ 9H H? > := =: 4 ;8B?<=J, )()5 ?= E?9<9EH=< >H E> GF H? > := =: 49@I := =: "5 9<= <=:9H =:J 9@ ;@A@GK@ K H? @ H?= >GFHK9<= @I;>H<J 9> H?=<= 9<= HGG F=K =298B:=> GF >GFHK9<= G<D9@ >9H G@> HG I<9K D=@=<9: EG@E:;> G@> 9LG;H H?= E?9<9EH=< >H E> 4 9;:A =H 9:, )) + J8G@I, ))"5 > 9@I =298B:=, 9> GF 9<E? ))), GF H?= (*& G<D9@ Q9H G@> 9EH = @ H?= a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

9@9D=8=@H B<GE=>>=> 4 9;:A =H 9:, ))"+ 9;:A =H 9:, )) 5

?= > GF H?= := =: # 9<= B<GL9L:J H?= 8G>H 8 >;@I=<>HGGI <=O; <=8=@H> @ H?= =@H <= >H<;EH;<=, L=E9;>= H?= I <=EH G@> 9LG;H ?GK HG 8G = F<G8 = =: HG = =: # 9<= =<J F;QQJ 4 9J@;>, )))5 ?=<= 9<= HKG > 9H := =: #, K? E? 9<= L9>=I G@ 9LG = 8=@H G@=I FGE;>=> @= ?9> HG IG K H? B<GE=>> O;9: HJ, H?9H >, B<GE=>> B=<FG<89@E= 41;9@H H9H = <GE=>> 9@9D=8=@H 7 1 5 9@I H?= GH?=<, GFHK9<= 1;9: HJ 9@9D=8=@H, K H? B<GI;EH O;9: HJ 4 J8G@I, ))"5

N%,*6.6,6.4' &1/'(( ,*,2';'*6 EN F

?= B;<BG>= GF 1 > HG EG@H<G: H?= B<GE=>> B=<FG<89@E= GF H?= >GFHK9<= B<GM=EH O;9@H H9H =:J GFHK9<= B<GE=>> B=<FG<89@E= <=B<=>=@H> H?= 9EH;9: <=>;:H> 9E? = =I F<G8 FG::GK @D 9 >GFHK9<= B<GE=>> 4 9;:A =H 9:, ))"5 1 @ G: => =>H9L: >? @D DG9:> FG< H?= B=<FG<89@E= GF B<GM=EH > I=F @=I >GFHK9<= B<GE=>>, H9A @D 9@I 9@9:J> @D 8=9>;<=8=@H GF H?= B<GE=>> B=<FG<89@E= 9@I 89A @D 9IM;>H8=@H> HG 89 @H9 @ B<GE=>> B=<FG<89@E= K H? @ 9EE=BH9L:= : 8 H> 4 9;:A =H 9:, ))"5

@E= H?= B<GE=>> B=<FG<89@E= > K H? @ H?= 9EE=BH9L:= : 8 H>, H?= >=HH @D> 9<= =>H9L: >?=I 9> 9 L9>=: @= 9@I ;>=I HG EG@H<G: B<GE=>> B=<FG<89@E= O;9@H H9H =:J

;<H?=<, K H? @ H? > , >B=E 9: E9;>=> GF 9< 9H G@> @ B<GE=>> B=<FG<89@E= K :: L= I=@H F =I 9@I <=8G =I 4 J8G@I, ))"5 G::=EH G@ GF B<GE=>> B=<FG<89@E= I9H9 9E<G>> 9:: H?= B<GM=EH> GF H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ K :: L= ;>=I HG E?9<9EH=< >= H?= B<GE=>> E9B9L : HJ GF H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ > >H9@I9<I >GFHK9<= B<GE=>> ? > B<GE=>> E9B9L : HJ I9H9 @ H;<@ K :: L= ;>=I LJ H?= >GFHK9<= B<GM=EH> HG =>H9L: >? 9@I <= >= H?= < B<GE=>> B=<FG<89@E= DG9:> 4 9;:A =H 9:, ))"5

(7)

(*

1<69,&' N%,0.68 ,*,2';'*6 E N F

?= >=EG@I GF H?= := =: # > 1 ?= B;<BG>= GF 1 > HG I= =:GB 9 O;9@H H9H = ;@I=<>H9@I @D GF H?= O;9: HJ GF H?= B<GM=EH > >GFHK9<= B<GI;EH> 9@I 9E? = = >B=E F E O;9: HJ DG9:> 4 9;:A =H 9:, ))"5 ? > @ G: => I=F @ @D O;9: HJ DG9:> FG< >GFHK9<= B<GI;EH>, =>H9L: >? @D B:9@> HG 9E? = = H?=>= DG9:>, 8G@ HG< @D 9@I 9IM;>H @D H?= >GFHK9<= B:9@> 9@I B<GI;EH> HG >9H >FJ H?= @==I> 9@I I=> <=> GF H?= 9FF=EH=I >H9A=?G:I=<>

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

--0./,3.0.68 1< 6) 0'4'0 # ( 9.6).* /1*(6&%/6.1*

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

@ B:9E=, <9H?=< H > @H=@I=I HG I=@H FJ K?=H?=< H?= G<D9@ >9H G@+

?9> H?= EG88 H8=@H HG O;9@H H9H =:J 8=9>;<= H?= B=<FG<89@E= GF B<GE=>>=> 9> I=>E< L=I 9LG =

?9> H?= 9L : HJ HG B=<FG<8 O;9@H H9H = 8=9>;<=8=@H> GF H> B<GE=>>=> ?9 = 9EH H => @ B:9E= HG B=<FG<8 H?= O;9@H H9H = 8=9>;<=8=@H>

= 9:;9H= H?= 9EH H => @ B:9E= HG 8=9>;<= H?= B=<FG<89@E= GF B<GE=>>=> 4 @H=<@9: = 9:;9H G@5

=< F => H?= 9EH H => HG 8=9>;<= H?= B=<FG<89@E= GF H?= B<GE=>>=> 9<= @ EG8B: 9@E= K H? >H9@I9<I B<9EH E=> 4=2H=<@9: =< F E9H G@5

(8)

(

?= 9LG = F = H=8> 9<= H?= A=J B<GE=>> =@9L:=<> 9D9 @>H K? E? =9E? GF H?= > ?9> HG L= H=>H=I

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

H? @ H? > EG@H=2H, EG@>H<;EH G@ ?9> 9 >H<G@D <=O; <=8=@H HG 8G@ HG< H?= O;9: HJ GF H> F @9: B<GI;EH> 9> H K :: L= I=H=<8 @=I LJ 9 EG8L @9H G@ GF 9< G;> F9EHG<> ?=>= F9EHG<> @E:;I= O;9: HJ GF KG<A89@>? B, EG@>H<;EH G@ B<GE=>>=> @ B:9E=, =2H=<@9: F9EHG<> >;E? 9> D<G;@I 9@I K=9H?=< EG@I H G@>, >;BB:J E?9 @ 9<<9@D=8=@H>, =HE @ G<I=< HG =@9L:= EG@H @;G;> 8B<G =8=@H> K H? @ 9@ G<D9@ >9H G@, H > 8BG<H9@H HG 8G@ HG< H?= 8B9EH GF H?=>= B9<98=H=<> HG H?= O;9: HJ GF H?= F @9: B<GI;EH ? > =>H9L: >?=> M;>H F E9H G@ FG< H?= @==I 9 I FF=<=@H K H? @ EG@>H<;EH G@ HG O;9@H H9H =:J 8G@ HG< 9@I 89@9D= H?= O;9: HJ GF H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ B<GI;EH ;<H?=<, H > <=O; <=I HG =8B?9> > ?=<= H?9H H > @GH H?= @H=@H G@ GF H? > >H;IJ HG I=@H FJ .?GK/ H?= O;9: HJ GF H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ B<GI;EH > 8=9>;<=I K H? @ EG@>H<;EH G@ G<D9@ >9H G@>, L;H HG I=@H FJ H?= := =: GF H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ O;9: HJ 8=9>;<=8=@H K H? @ H?= F = A=J B<GE=>> =@9L:=<> I=>E< L=I 9LG =

FH=< =>H9L: >? @D H?= .1;9@H H9H = G@H<G:/, H?= @=2H 9>B=EH GF H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ > HG 8G = HGK9<I> 9@ . BH 8 >9H G@/ K?=<= H?= 8G@ HG<=I B<GE=>>=> 9<= EG@H @;G;>:J

8B<G =I ? > > H?= 89 @ GLM=EH = GF H?= := =: " '4'0 ),&,/6'&.(6./(

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

=F=EH <= =@H G@ 4 5

(9)

(! <GE=>> ?9@D= 9@9D=8=@H 4 5

?= B;<BG>= GF H?= > HG I=@H FJ H?= EG88G@ E9;>=> GF I=F=EH> 9@I B<= =@H H?=8 F<G8 <=E;<< @D 4 9;:A =H 9:, ))"5, K? := H?= B;<BG>= GF > HG I=@H FJ @=K H=E?@G:GD => 4 = HGG:>, 8=H?GI> 9@I B<GE=>>=>5 9@I H<9@> H G@ H?=8 HG G<D9@ >9H G@ @ 9@ G<I=<:J 89@@=< 4 9;:A =H 9:, ))"5 H @ G: => I=@H FJ @D, >=:=EH @D 9@I = 9:;9H @D @=K H=E?@G:GD => 9@I @EG<BG<9H @D =FF=EH = H=E?@G:GD => @HG H?= G<D9@ >9H G@

> 9 8 @D 9H EG@H @;G;>:J 8B<G @D H?= >GFHK9<= B<GE=>>=> ;>=I @ H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ K H? H?= @H=@H G@ GF 8B<G @D >GFHK9<= O;9: HJ 4 9;:A =H 9: ))"5 H @ G: => I=F @ @D B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H DG9:> 9@I >J>H=89H E9::J I=@H FJ @D, = 9:;9H @D 9@I 8B:=8=@H @D 8B<G =8=@H> HG H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ > >H9@I9<I >GFHK9<= B<GE=>> 9@I B<GM=EH > I=F @=I >GFHK9<= B<GE=>> G@ 9 EG@H @;G;> L9> >

--0./,3.0.68 1< 6) 0'4'0 # ( 9.6).* /1*(6&%/6.1*

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

?= B< @E B:= GF H? > > D=@=< E 9@I H?= >98= B< @E B:=> E9@ L= ;>=I K H? @ H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ @I;>H<J @E= H?= #H? := =: E9B9L : H => =@>;<= H?= 9 9 :9L : HJ GF H?= O;9@H H9H = I9H9 K H? @ H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ HG <=F:=EH H?= GBBG<H;@ H => FG< 8B<G =8=@H, H? > E9@ L= ;>=I HG =>H9L: >? @=K >H<=HE? DG9:> FG< H?= B<GE=>>=> @ B:9E= K? E? E9@ >H 8;:9H= @@G 9H = B<GE=>>=> ?;> H? > E9@ L= ;>=I 9> H?= >H9<H @D BG @H FG< H?=

(10)

(

.<= G:;H G@9<J B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H>/ K H? @ H?= G<D9@ >9H G@ K H? G;H >H<9 @ @D H?= G<D9@ >9H G@9: <=>G;<E=>

J EG@> I=< @D H?= > 8 :9< H => L=HK==@ H?= HKG @I;>H< =>, >G8= EG@>H<;EH G@ B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H @ H 9H => ?9 = 9IGBH=I H?= B< @E B:=> GF >GFHK9<= @I;>H<J > 9B9L : HJ 9H;< HJ GI=: GK= =< HG I9H=, H?= ? D?=< 89H;< HJ := =: E?9<9EH=< >H E> GF H?= >GFHK9<= ?9> @GH L==@ 9@9:J>=I H?G<G;D?:J HG = 9:;9H= H> 9BB: E9L : HJ K H? @ H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ =@ <G@8=@H ?;>, H? > B9B=< 9@9:J>=I H?=>= E?9<9EH=< >H E> K H? @ H?= EG8B9<9H = >=HH @D L=HK==@ H?= >GFHK9<= @I;>H<J E?9<9EH=< >H E> 9@I H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ @I;>H<J E?9<9EH=< >H E> HG L; :I 9 @ H 9: 8GI=: G@ ?GK H?= ? D?=< E9B9L : HJ 89H;< HJ := =: E?9<9EH=< >H E> F H K H? @ 9 EG@>H<;EH G@ =@ <G@8=@H

@ $

$

> H? > > 9 B9<H GF 9@ G@DG @D ? , H > @H=@I=I HG 9: I9H= H? > @ H 9: ;@I=<>H9@I @D 9LG;H H?= ? D?=< E9B9L : HJ 89H;< HJ IJ@98 E> H?<G;D? 9 E9>= >H;IJ 9BB<G9E? ? > B9B=< B<=>=@H> 9 B9<H 9::J H?= @ H 9: ;@I=<>H9@I @D GF ?GK H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ ? D?=< E9B9L : HJ 89H;< HJ IJ@98 E> E9@ L= ;<H?=<, H? > @ H 9: ;@I=<>H9@I @D > @H=@I=I HG DG H?<G;D? >= =<9: <=F @=8=@H EJE:=> HG =@>;<= H?9H H E9BH;<=> H?= 9EH;9: @I;>H<J E?9<9EH=< >H E> 9@I <=O; <=8=@H> H > 9@ GLM=EH = GF H? > ? <=>=9<E? HG L; :I 9 EG8B<=?=@> = F<98=KG<A ;:H 89H=:J, HG D; I= EG@>H<;EH G@ G<D9@ >9H G@> G@ H?= >H=B> GF 9E? = @D ? D?=< E9B9L : HJ 89H;< HJ := =:> 9> 9 8=9@ GF 8B<G @D H?= G<D9@ >9H G@9: B<GE=>>=> EG@H @;G;>:J @ H?= GH?=< ?9@I, H? > <=>=9<E? F;<H?=< :GGA> 9H H?= <G:= GF H?= @FG<89H G@ H=E?@G:GDJ 9> 9@ =@9L:=< HG 9E? = = ? D?=< E9B9L : HJ 89H;< HJ IJ@98 E> K H? @ H?= EG@>H<;EH G@ G<D9@ >9H G@> H > H?=<=FG<= @H=@I=I HG L; :I 9 B<GE=>> 7 EG$89H;<9H G@ 8GI=: HG D; I= EG@>H<;EH G@ G<D9@ >9H G@> HG ;>=

@FG<89H G@ H=E?@G:GDJ >H<9H=D E9::J FG< H?= < B<GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H @ H 9H =>

J8G@I, 4 ))"5 ; I= HG H?= @I=<>H9@I @D H?= 9B9L : HJ 9H;< HJ GI=: FG< GFHK9<= 9<J:9@I <GE=>> @E

D9@, % 4 ))(5 =H? @A @D G@>H<;EH G@, =B9<H8=@H GF @ <G@8=@H <9@>BG<H 9@I H?= =D G@> 9 <E:G;D?, % 4!**!5 = H? @A @D EG@>H<;EH G@ @@G 9H G@ 9@I <=>=9<E? <= =K GF

988=<, 9@I ?98BJ, % 4 )) 5 =$=@D @==< @D H?= G<BG<9H G@ 9 9@ F=>HG FG< ;> @=>> = G:;H G@ G@IG@ <=9:=J ;L: >? @D

988=<, 4 ))*5 ==@D @==< @D G<A G@ H ;HG89H=, L: H=<9H= 9< 9<I ;> @=>> = =K, %;:JR ;D;>H, BB *#$ !

9<< @DHG@, 4 )) 5 8B<G @D ;> @=>> <GE=>>=> 1 9D9Q @=, =L<;9<J, BB )$##

=9:J, 9@I =<<J, 4!***5 9: I HJ 9@I =: 9L : HJ GF 1;9: H9H = =>=9<E? H? @ H?= =9: >8 9<9I D8 1;9: H9H = =>=9<E? %G;<@9: @ @H=<@9H G@9: %G;<@9:, 4 5, BB ($ !'

G:H, G =, 9@I =>9@, 4!***5 8B:GJ== 8BGK=<8=@H @ G@>H<;EH G@ @ 8B:=8=@H9H G@ GI=: FG< <GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H =98 B=<FG<89@E= 9@9D=8=@H @ @H=<@9H G@9: %G;<@9:, ' 4 R#5, BB #&$"

(11)

(#

;8B?<=J, 9@I K==H, 4 )(&5 =H?GI FG< >>=>> @D H?= GFHK9<= @D @==< @D 9B9L : HJ GF G@H<9EHG<> HH>L;<D? GFHK9<= @D @==< @D @>H H;H=

;8B?<=J, 4 )()5 9@9D @D H?= GFHK9<= <GE=>> =K G<A II >G@$ =>::=J B;L: >? @D EG8B9@J @E

%?9, 9@I GG< , E?=:9, % 4 ))'5 ?= IJ@98 E> GF EG@H @;G;> 8B<G =8=@H, @H=<@9H G@9: %G;<@9: GF 1;9: HJ E =@E=, 4 5, BB )$#&

%;<9@, % 4 )) 5 H<9H=D => FG< G<:I$ :9>> 1;9: HJ 1;9: HJ <GD<=>>, 9<E?, BB ( $"

9D GD:G;, G;9I, GGB=<, 9@I @A>, % 4 )))95 ?= <GE=>> <GHGEG: <GE=>> 9@I 8GI=:: @D FG< H?= G@>H<;EH G@ @I;>H<J 8G< 4=I 5 <GI;EH 9@I <GE=>> GI=:: @D @ H?= ; :I @D @I;>H<J , <GE==I @D> GF )(, ; :I @D =>=9<E? >H9L: >?8=@H, 9HFG<I, )$ ! EH , :GK=> <G;B, =EE:=>, ;FFG:A, , BB !'&$!&'

9D GD:G;, GGB=<, 9@I G;9I, 4 )))L5 =$ @D @==< @D H?= G@>H<;EH G@ @I;>H<J ?= B<GE=>> B<GHGEG: ?= <GE==I @D> GF G@F=<=@E= G@ G@>H<;EH G@ <GE=>> =$=@D @==< @D,

@ =<> HJ GF G;H? 9:=>, JI@=J, ;>H<9: 9, BB &7 !&

9D GD:G;, GGB=<, G;9I, @A>, % =2HG@, 9@I ?=9H?, 4 ))(5 =@=< E => D@ 9@I G@>H<;EH G@ <GE=>> <GHGEG: F @9: <=BG<H, ?= @ =<> HJ GF 9:FG<I

G>A=:9, 9::9<I, 9@I GK=::, 4!** 5 E? = @D ?9@D= @ G@>H<;EH G@ <D @ 9 @H=<@9H G@9: <G;B GF =9@ G@>H<;EH G@

9H?98, 4 ))#5, G@>H<;EH @D H?= =98,

::<9@A, 4 ))"5, ?= <9@>F=< GF 9@9D=8=@H @@G 9H G@> F<G8 %9B9@ <D9@ >9H G@ H;I =>, '4'5, BB )& $()

G =, 9@I , 4 ))(5 <G8 HG 7 G@E=BH;9: > @D =$ @D @==< @D @ G@>H<;EH G@ ;> @=>> <GE=>> 9@9D=8=@H %G;<@9:, #4#5, BB !) $ *"

G =, , <9@ , 3 9@I , 4!***5 GH9: 1;9: HJ 9@9D=8=@H 9@I H?= =9<@ @D <D9@ >9H G@ 9:GD;= FG< ?9@D= @ G@>H<;EH G@ G@>H<;EH G@ 9@9D=8=@H 9@I EG@G8 E>, (, BB ! $ G =, 9@I ;@9>=A9<9@, 4 ))&5 G@E;<<=@H @D @==< @D @ H?= G@>H<;EH G@ @I;>H<J G@E;<<=@H

@D @==< @D =>=9<E? 9@I BB: E9H G@> "4!5, BB ""$ '!

GK=, - G2 4 ))'5 8B:=8=@H @D H?= 9B9L : HJ 9H;< HJ GI=: FG< GFHK9<= = =:GB8=@H =K:=HH 9EA9<I %G;<@9:

::>, 9@I ;L=<89@, 4 ))#5 1;9: H9H = 9H9 @9:J> > @ 2B9@I=I G;<E= GGA ?G;>9@I G9A>

G<HG@, 4 )) 5 ?= G<BG<9H G@ @ H?= ))* > @FG<89H G@ =E?@G:GDJ 9@I <D9@ >9H G@9: <9@>FG<89H G@ 2FG<I 2FG<I @ =<> HJ <=>>

G@@=<, 9@I 9@D, 4!**#5 <GM=EH =<FG<89@E= =<>=> >= GF =E?@G:GD => 9H <GM=EH 9@I ?9>= = =:> %G;<@9: GF G@>H<;EH G@ @D @==< @D 9@I 9@9D=8=@H, *4 5, BB !!$ !)

9A:9@I, 4 )) 5 GH9: 1;9: HJ 9@9D=8=@H !@I I 2FG<I ;HH=<KG<H?$ = @=89@@

9;:A, =L=<, 9<E 9, ?< >> >, 9@I ;>?, 4 )) 5 =J <9EH E=> GF H?= 9B9L : HJ 9H;< HJ GI=: HH>L;<D? GFHK9<= @D @==< @D @>H H;H=

9;:A, =L=<, 9<E 9, ?< >> >, 9@I ;>?, 4 ))#5 ?= 9B9L : HJ 9H;< HJ GI=: FG< GFHK9<= HH>L;<D? GFHK9<= @D @==< @D @>H H;H=

9;:A, =L=<, 9<E 9, ?< >> >, 9@I ;>?, 4 ))"5 ?= 9B9L : HJ 9H;< HJ GI=: ; I=: @=> FG< 8B<G @D H?= GFHK9<= <GE=>> HH>L;<D? II > G@$ =>:=J

?=@D, 9@I =$ = , 4 ))'5, <98=KG<A FG< 8B:=8=@H @D 1 @ G@>H<;EH G@ ?= 1 9D9Q @=,(4"5, BB )$#'

9J@;>, % 4 )))5 GFHK9<= <GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H K H? G<KGGI <H=E? G;>= @E

98;=:>>G@, 4!** 5 8B<G =8=@H <GE=>>=> @ G@>H<;EH G@ G8B9@ => HA @, G<DL<9@H, % 9@I %G>=B?>G@, 4=I> 5 G@>H<;EH G@ <GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H, 2FG<I :9EAK=:: E =@E= :HI, BB !!"$ ! (

9@HG>, 9@I GK=::, % 4!** 5 >>=>> @D H?= = =: GF =98KG<A @ <9Q : 9@ 9@I @D: >? G@>H<;EH G@ H=> =9I=<>? B 9@I <D9@ Q9H G@ = =:GB8=@H %G;<@9:, !!4#5, BB ''$ &#

9@HG>, G<8G>G, 9@I GGA=J, 4!**!5 2B9@I @D H?= =9@ @D GF H9@I9<I >9H G@ K H? @ G@>H<;EH G@ <GE=>>=> ?= 1 9D9Q @=, #4 5, BB !"$

(12)

("

9@HG>, GK=::, % 9@I G<8G>G, 4!***5 =HH @D H<=HE? 9<D=H> FG< < @D G@H @;G;> 8B<G =8=@H @ G@>H<;EH G@ @9:J> > GF <9Q : 9@ 9@I B<9EH E=> G<A H;IJ, #)4!5, BB "*$"( 9<>?9<, @@=8G<=, 9@I 9 D?, 4!***L5 @H<GI;EH G@ HG G@>H<;EH , @ =<> HJ GF

9:FG<I

9<>?9<, 9 D?, @@=8G<=, G;9I, 9<<=HH, 9:I<J, 9@I =2HG@, 4!***95

;> @=>> <GE=>> 9D@G>H E> GG: FG< G@>H<;EH G@ <GM=EH> @D @==< @D G@>H<;EH G@ -<E? H=EH;<9: 9@9D=8=@H, &4 5, BB !# $!"*

9<>?9<, ;HE? @>G@, G;9I, 9<<=HH, @@ A @, % 9@I ?=::=J, 4 ))(5 H9@I9<I >=I <GE=>> 8B<G =8=@H FG< G@>H<;EH G@ @H=<B< >=> 4 5 <GE==I @D> GF !@I ;<GB=9@ G@F=<=@E= G@ <GI;EH 9@I <GE=>> GI=:: @D, 9HFG<I

9:K9<, 4 )) 5 ;> @=>> =$ @D @==< @D 7 H<9H=DJ$ < =@ BB<G9E? G@D 9@D= :9@@ @D, !'4'5, BB !!$#*

9@>K=::, 4 )) 5 ;> @=>> =>H<;EH;< @D ?= =J HG 9I E9: ?9@D= <GF=>> G@9: @D @==< @D, '4 5, %9@;9<J, BB !#$"

@@ :9, 4 ))"5, H<9H=D E =<>B=EH = HG ;> @=>> <GE=>> =I=> D@ 9@9D=8=@H =E > G@, 4 5, BB !"$ #

References

Related documents

The analyses indicate: (1) working with predominately same-race coworkers tends to diminish perceptions of racial discrimination, (2) perceived racial discrimination medi- ates some

However, although loss of dpERK as a result of hMKP3-GFP electroporation had no apparent effect on the myotome, as shown by normal MyoD expression (Fig. 5D,E), raising the levels

Attenuation of Disp1 activity in the Shh-producing notochord leads to a similar disruption of ventral neural tube patterning, as observed in Disp1 hypomorphic mutants.. The

Among other phenotypes, the fis class mutants for FIE, MEA and FIS2 are all characterised by an abnormal development of the endosperm posterior pole with a cyst and nodules larger

%EWL: Percentage excess weight loss; %TWL: Percentage total weight loss; BIA: Bioelectrical impedance; BMI: Body mass index; BP: biliopancreatic; CGM: Continuous glucose

4. Let the chocolate set slightly so it is no longer wet, but still pliable. Then very carefully, lift the strip of acetate up, and carefully place it around the outside  of the

All members of the team can contribute to the design and production of the visualisation using the MultiVerse eSim Builder; it is effectively a collaborative process. New objects

He used additional data such as ground plans in order to further improve the developed approach and could connect point cloud densities to the outcome of object extraction.. More