Red Blood Cell

Nucleated Red Blood Cell (NRBC) may result NRBC count in umbilical venous blood of neonates has been reported as a NRBC /100 WBC count with perinatal outcome in trolled study performed on 120 normotensive eclamptic women. At delivery 1 ml of umbilical cord blood and 1ml of maternal blood NRBC /100 WBC count was correlated with -eclamptic women was significantly As the nucleated RBC count increased in maternal blood cally highly significant decrease in mean neonatal birth weight and mean APGAR score and statistically highly significant increase in NICU admission and perinatal NRBC counts are more likely to have low birth weight, low APGAR score, neonatal ICU admission and perinatal mortality. Cord blood NRBC count provides valuable information about the well being of the he determination of NRBC count in cord blood can be used as an additional tool in the

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are often used to treat acute complications of SCD. The purpose of RBC transfusion is to increase oxygen distribution to the tissues and/or to replace the rigid sickle-shaped RBCs with healthy deformable RBCs [5 ]. Transfusion can also be part of a regular long‐term transfusion program to prevent SCD complications. When the goal is reduction of the HbS level, exchange transfusion is the therapy of choice [6, 7 ] as it allows for better control of the blood volume and viscosity, in addition to decreasing the risk of iron overload [8 ]. A red blood cell (RBE) exchange can be accomplished manually by bleeding and transfusion or through the use of an apheresis device that separates the plasma from the RBCs, removes and replaces the patient's red blood cells, and then returns the plasma to the body [9-12 ]. The aim of our study was to describe our experience using a Spectra Optia® automated apheresis system in children with SCD [13, 14].

Blood is unique due to its existence as the only fluid tissue, a blood cell can be any type of cell normally found in blood which falls into four categories which are red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), platelet and plasma. The n these groups lie on the texture, color, size and morphology of nucleus and cytoplasm. In blood smear, number of red cells is many more than white blood cells. Blood cells form in the bone marrow, the soft material in the or WBC are cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances. Leukocytes cells containing granules are called granulocytes (composed by neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil). Cells without granules are called agranulocytes (lymphocyte and monocyte). These cells provide major defense against infections in organisms and their specific concentrations can help specialists to discriminate the presence or the absence of very important families of pathologies. When infection occurs, the production of WBCs increases. Abnormal high or low counts may indicate the presence of many form of disease,

The red blood is a blood that functioned as carry oxygen throughout our body [1]. According to American Cancer Society (2009), the normal red blood cell in our body is divided into four categories of ages, which are newborn, children, women and men. The average amount of red blood cells each category is about 4.8-7.2 million per cubic millimeter, about 3.8–5.5 million per cubic millimeter, about 4.2-5.0 million of these cells per cubic millimeter and 4.6-6.0 x 106 per cubic millimeter respectively. Red blood is measured by the amount of hemoglobin in our blood. The level of hemoglobin in our blood will affect our health tremendously.

This work presents the deformation of red blood cell (RBC) as it travels in a microchannel using a theoretical model. The developed model predicts the deformation experienced by the RBC when exposed to shear stresses (fluid) as a function of mechanical properties. RBC is known to be a biconcave disk and is modeled as a liquid enclosed with a solid membrane. Therefore it is appropriate to model the RBC as a two component models consists of membrane and cytoplasm. The membrane, assumed to behave as an nearly incompressible material shows hyperelastic response to bending and shearing while the cytoplasm exhibits homogeneous Newtonian fluid properties. The model parameters were determined from the experimental measurements and comparison were made. Agreement in terms of hyperelasticity, deformation rate and stress distribution were found with previous researches.

Abstract: Purpose: Red blood cell distribution width was demonstrated to be relevant to the incidence of atrial fibril- lation in general population and new-onset patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Current study aimed to investigate the correlation between them following catheter ablation. Significant findings: Early recurrence of atrial fibrillation developed in 53 (24.2%) patients. There was a significant lower incidence of late recurrence of atrial fibrillation in patients who had no early recurrence of atrial fibrillation (24/166, 14.5%) compared with those who experienced early recurrence of atrial fibrillation (44/53, 83%). Left atrium diameter (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.10- 1.26, P < 0.001), pulmonary vein isolation (HR 0.15, 95% CI 0.02-0.97, P = 0.047), and red blood cell distribution width (HR 4.29, 95% CI 2.17-8.46, P < 0.001) were independent predictors for early recurrence of atrial fibrillation while left atrium diameter (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05-1.23, P = 0.036), red blood cell distribution width (HR 5.73, 95% CI 2.78-11.77, P < 0.001) and early recurrence of atrial fibrillation (HR 9.28, 95% CI 3.79-22.68, P < 0.001) were independent predictors for late recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Conclusions: Red blood cell distribution width is a predictor for early/late recurrence of atrial fibrillation following catheter ablation.

This work presents the deformation of red blood cell (RBC) as it travels in a microchannel using a theoretical model. The developed model predicts the deformation experienced by the RBC when exposed to shear stresses (fluid) as a function of mechanical properties. RBC is known to be a biconcave disk and is modeled as a liquid enclosed with a solid membrane. Therefore it is appropriate to model the RBC as a two component models consists of membrane and cytoplasm. The membrane, assumed to behave as a nearly incompressible material shows hyperelastic response to bending and shearing while the cytoplasm exhibits homogeneous Newtonian fluid properties. The model parameters were determined from the experimental measurements and comparison was made. Agreement in terms of hyperelasticity, deformation rate and stress distribution were found with previous researches.

Due to the complexities of RBC deformation under shear flow, limited experimental works were published to indicate RBC motion. Tumbling and swinging motions of a red blood cell under shear flow which were reported experimentally by Abkarian et al. [6] are among those RBC’s behavior which have not been fully and numerically explored. The present paper is devoted to the modeling and simulation of an RBC in a shear flow as a three-dimensional liquid-filled biconcave discoid with an elastic membrane obeying Skalak’s constitutive law [24]. Using IBLBM combined with FEM, detailed behavior of RBC under a shear flow is studied with the possibility of revealing tumbling and swinging motions of a red blood cell under different shear conditions. The effect of different initial orientations of the RBC on these types of motions is also studied in detail.

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion might be life-saving in settings with acute blood loss, especially uncontrolled haemorrhagic shock. However, there appears to be a catch-22 situation reflected by the facts that preoperative anaemia represents an independent risk factor for postoperative morbidity and mortality, and that RBC transfusion might also contribute to adverse clinical outcomes. This dilemma is further complicated by the difficulty to define the “ best ” transfusion trigger and strategy. Since one size does obviously not fit all, a personalised approach is merited. Attempts should thus be made to critically reflect on the pros and cons of RBC transfusion in each individual patient. Patient blood management concepts including preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative optimisation strategies involving the intensive care unit are warranted and are likely to provide benefits for the patients and the healthcare system. In this context, it is important to consider that “ simply ” increasing the haemoglobin content, and in proportion oxygen delivery, may not necessarily contribute to a better outcome but potentially the contrary in the long term. The difficulty lies in identification of the patients who might eventually profit from RBC transfusion and to determine in whom a transfusion might be withheld without inducing harm. More robust clinical data providing long-term outcome data are needed to better understand in which patients RBC transfusion might be life-saving vs life-limiting.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in development of various algorithms for automated analysis of medical images in conjunction with advanced artificial intelligent, image processing and computer graphics techniques [1][2]. As consequences, several automatic medical diagnosis systems have been developed to help doctors to diagnose disease particularly in red blood (RBC) and white blood (WBC) cells of human that provides valuable information to pathologists. Red blood cell composition reveals important diagnostic to diagnose patient’s disease and subsequently facilitate doctors to determine an appropriate treatment to the patient. The RBC count analysis is performed to evaluate mean size and shape of the cells. Various diseases such as anemia, leukemia, malnutrition, chronic inflammation, a renal tumor and organs overloaded with iron can be indicated from abnormally high or low counts in blood cells [2][3].Generally, the microscopic-based evaluation was the standard method to perform RBC counting analysis. Despite its long clinical success, this method requires an expertise to manually classify the cells which is tedious, time-consuming and qualitative process [2]. In addition, the existing method contributes to inaccuracy, inconsistency and poor reliability diagnosis that may lead to false diagnosis situation. In order to overcome the problem, an image processing technique is increasingly recognized as a very useful technique for the automated RBC count analysis. The counting technique of microscopic smear image requires three main steps 1) segmentation, 2) features extraction and 3) classification [4][5].

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is a common intervention in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Anemia is frequent in this population and is associated with poor outcomes, especially in patients with ischemic heart disease. Although blood transfusions are generally given to improve tissue oxygenation, they do not systematically increase oxygen consumption and effects on oxygen delivery are not always very impressive. Blood transfusion may be lifesaving in some circumstances, but many studies have reported increased morbidity and mortality in transfused patients. This review focuses on some important aspects of RBC transfusion in the ICU, including physiologic considerations, a brief description of serious infectious and noninfectious hazards of transfusion, and the effects of RBC storage lesions. Emphasis is placed on the importance of personalizing blood transfusion according to physiological endpoints rather than arbitrary thresholds.

RDW-CV= (standard deviation of red blood cell volume ÷ mean cell volume) x100 The normal range for the RDW-CV is 11.5% to 14.5% and higher values indicate greater in cell sizes. High RDW indicates a high degree of anisocytosis which is associated with distortion and degredation of erythropoiesis [37]. Re lecting chronic in lammation and an increased level of oxidative stress. Increased RDW also arise as a result of anemia. Otherwise, causes like iron de iciency and megaloblastic anemia with associated micro or macro cytosis are potential cofounders because our patients were not screen for iron, vitamin 12, folic acid. Nevertheless, the effect of such confounders is negligible as all the participants selected for the study were healthy individuals and diabetes without complication or obvious co morbidities as at the time of the study. The effect of other causes of chronic in lammation for example tuberculosis, cancers and connective tissue disorders as confounders is similarly negligible. The life span of red blood cell could be decreased in diabetes patients. So, RBC’s are affected by various disturbances in the hematopoietic milieu. These disturbances lead as to elevated internal viscosity and increased membrane rigidity in these blood cells. So, RBC count is calculated as increase.

The finding showed that the biochemical parameters changed rapidly over the first week of storage. During RBC storage, biochemical changes are generally related to alteration in energy metabolism which is associated with increased extracellular lactate and potassium concentration and in contrast plasma glucose and sodium decreased over time. Reduction of glucose and increase of lactate concentration indicates RBC glycolysis (12). A recent study by D’Alessandro et al (15), published in detail on the time-course of changes in metabolites during RBC storage. Their findings showed that concentration of glycolytic metabolites increased during the first week of storage, suggesting that at this early stage of storage glycolysis is proceeding. The leakage of potassium from cells in to surrounding milieu may be responsible for the drastic progression in potassium increase in the present study. It has been documented that ill infants requiring surgery or due to hemorrhage may have to be transfused with large volume of stored red blood cell and transfusions of RBC containing increased levels of potassium have been associated with myocardial hyperkalemia and neonatal arrhythmia (16).

Apart from the increased flow produced by higher CPP and lower blood viscosity, anemia also induces cerebral vasodila- tation [46-48]. When Hb (and therefore C a O 2 ) falls, there appears to be a disproportionate increase in CBF in relation to other organs (Figure 1d) [49]. The mechanisms underlying this increase in vessel caliber are still being clarified, but include some of the same factors involved in CBF pressure-autoregu- lation; these have recently been reviewed in detail [46]. Impor- tantly, anemia results in upregulation of nitric oxide (NO) production by perivascular neurons and vascular smooth mus- cle surrounding cerebral blood vessels. The importance of these pathways is supported by the observation that inhibition of NO synthase blunts hypoxia- and anemia-induced cerebral

C) Weak edge boundary: Other problem which lies in image segmentation is defocused image as stated by Steven S.S Poon et.al where to define the boundary between cells might be difficult especially for nucleus and cytoplasm region if the transition of intensity levels is unclear. Moreover, there will be errors in cytoplasm segmentation if that region covered by the background [15]. R.adollah et.al mentioned that for segmentation, edge detection is unsuccessful to get the information and determine the location of the cells due to the weak boundaries of certain component in the blood cells 16. Said that the problems exist in the loss of protuberances pale tips and weak edge between the cell and background. He listed some techniques to overcome the problems like new edge operator and shape analysis but each of them has problem in dealing with blood cell image which has weak boundary and non-circle cells’ shape structure. This is also supported by G. Diaz and A. Manzanera et.al [12]. In analyzing the use of boundary based segmentation it is basically dealing with great problems as boundaries between cells are not clear and edge detection work bad for blood cell image. The other technique like Active Contours is good in cells cluster segmentation. However, it possess a high computational cost and resulting contours fail to respond over cells borders. D) Overlapping and clump cell: Overlapping and clumped cell is also another issue in blood cell segmentation as identified by E. Montseny et.al S. Chinwaraphat et.al Said that the overlap also may occur between the cell and plasma as the background[13],[14]. R. Adollah et.al mentioned that, normal human blood microscopic image has a high accumulation of red blood cells which could be observed and resulting the existence of touch and overlap

Cushing & Sprague 1952 found an antigen, similar to the human B antigen in the fish Genyonemus lineatus, but not in Cymatogaster aggregata, which may however possess the Forssman antigen[r]

Profile of oxidative metabolism and metabolites in blood obtained from resting catheterized rainbow trout Total oxygen consumption rate 1.43±0.07 ^mol g~' cell wet mass h~l 20* CO2 produ[r]

Wistar rat’s RBC were used for the experiment. Without any influence on RBC’s shape (method - [18]) was produced deposition from suspension on cover glasses, which were pretreated with 1% glutaraldehyde. Initial investigations helped to determine the optimal condition of glasses’ covering that was 2.5% glutaraldehyde prepared in 20 mm Hepes buffer and a Ringer-Locke solution. Glutaraldehyde reduces pH and has a significant effect on RBC with the formation of bonds between the molecules of cell membranes and organelle membranes. It produces a strong single network due to the "crosslinking" of mainly cellular proteins [19, 20]. Preparation of objects for AFM scanning.

A BSTRACT : Feto-maternal red cell alloimmunization is defined by the presence in a pregnant woman of alloantibodies directed against blood group antigens present on the red blood cells of the fetus and inherited by the father. It arises from the immune response to a first contact to these same antigens during a prior transfusion, transplant or pregnancy. The placental transfer and the fixation of the antibodies on the fetal red cells antigenic targets lead to a haemolysis in the fetus and the newborn. The resulting haemolytic disease can show different clinical forms, from a mild anaemia with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia to a major fetal damage with stillbirth caused by hydrops fetalis. The objective of management strategies of feto-maternal alloimmunization is to detect and monitor maternal alloimmunization and to appreciate the effects on the fetus or the newborn.

We have shown that a simple mathematical model leads to unequivocal para- meters in terms of which the transport and the inhibition of transport of P across the [r]