El protocolo tienen bases bibliográficas Europeas, Americanas y Latinoamericanas.
El protocolo no solo aborda el control de la frecuencia ventricular en pacientes con fibrilación auricular si no toma a la fibrilación auricular en el aspecto agudo y crónico.
El protocolo no posee estrategias terapéuticas quirúrgicas ya que no se disponen en el Hospital Provincial General De Latacunga.
88 FLUJOGRAMA 1
89 CONCLUSION GENERAL
La fibrilación auricular es una patología que se presenta con mucha frecuencia en el Hospital Provincial General de Latacunga mucho más prevalente en el género femenino que masculino asociada a diversas comorbilidades y a pesar de no tener un protocolo estandarizado, el arsenal terapéutico ni procedimientos quirúrgicos para tratar la Fibrilación auricular el índice de complicaciones secundarios a Fibrilación auricular es bajo.
RECOMENDACIÓN
Poner en ejecución el protocolo de manejo para el control de la respuesta ventricular en pacientes con fibrilación auricular en el servicio de Emergencia, Medicina interna y Cardiología en el Hospital Provincial General de Latacunga.
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
1. Pritchett EL. Management of atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:1264.
2. Atrial fibrillation: current understandings and research imperatives. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22:1830.
3. Lip GY, Metcalfe MJ, Rae AP. Management of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Q J Med 1993; 86:467.
4. Disch DL, Greenberg ML, Holzberger PT, et al. Managing chronic atrial fibrillation: a Markov decision analysis comparing warfarin, quinidine, and low-dose amiodarone. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120:449.
5. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001; 285:2370.
6. Wann LS, Curtis AB, January CT, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (Updating the 2006 Guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:223.
7. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), European Cardiac Arrhythmia Scoiety (ECAS), American College of Cardiology (ACC), et al. HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert Consensus Statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for personnel, policy, procedures and follow-up. A report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2007; 4:816.
8. Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2006; 114:e257.
9. American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, European Society of Cardiology, et al. Management of patients with atrial fibrillation (compilation of 2006 ACCF/AHA/ESC and 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2013; 127:1916.
10. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2014. 11. January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline
for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American
Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2014.
12. Wyse DG, Van Gelder IC, Ellinor PT, et al. Lone atrial fibrillation: does it exist? J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63:1715.
13. Kopecky SL, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD, et al. The natural history of lone atrial fibrillation. A population-based study over three decades. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:669.
14. Brand FN, Abbott RD, Kannel WB, Wolf PA. Characteristics and prognosis of lone atrial fibrillation. 30-year follow-up in the Framingham Study. JAMA 1985; 254:3449.
15. Kannel WB, Abbott RD, Savage DD, McNamara PM. Epidemiologic features of chronic atrial fibrillation: the Framingham study. N Engl J Med 1982; 306:1018.
16. Lévy S, Maarek M, Coumel P, et al. Characterization of different subsets of atrial fibrillation in general practice in France: the ALFA study. The College of French Cardiologists. Circulation 1999; 99:3028.
17. Takahashi N, Seki A, Imataka K, Fujii J. Clinical features of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. An observation of 94 patients. Jpn Heart J 1981; 22:143. 18. Clementy J, Dulhoste MN, Laiter C, et al. Flecainide acetate in the
prevention of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a nine-month follow-up of more than 500 patients. Am J Cardiol 1992; 70:44A.
19. Evans w, swann p. Lone auricular fibrillation. Br Heart J 1954; 16:189. 20. Lamb le, pollard lw. atrial fibrillation in flying personnel. Circulation 1964;
29:694.
21. Peter RH, Gracey JG, Beach TB. A clinical profile of idiopathic atrial fibrillation. A functional disorder of atrial rhythm. Ann Intern Med 1968; 68:1288.
22. Rostagno C, Bacci F, Martelli M, et al. Clinical course of lone atrial fibrillation since first symptomatic arrhythmic episode. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76:837.
23. Kozlowski D, Budrejko S, Lip GY, et al. Lone atrial fibrillation: what do we know? Heart 2010; 96:498.
24. Patton KK, Zacks ES, Chang JY, et al. Clinical subtypes of lone atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005; 28:630.
25. Ellinor PT, Yoerger DM, Ruskin JN, MacRae CA. Familial aggregation in lone atrial fibrillation. Hum Genet 2005; 118:179.
26. Oyen N, Ranthe MF, Carstensen L, et al. Familial aggregation of lone atrial fibrillation in young persons. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60:917.
27. Israel CW, Grönefeld G, Ehrlich JR, et al. Long-term risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation as documented by an implantable monitoring device: implications for optimal patient care. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:47. 28. Page RL, Wilkinson WE, Clair WK, et al. Asymptomatic arrhythmias in
patients with symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1994; 89:224.
29. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1279.
30. Martínez-González MÁ, Toledo E, Arós F, et al. Extravirgin Olive Oil Consumption Reduces Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: The PREDIMED (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea) Trial. Circulation 2014; 130:18.
31. Krahn AD, Klein GJ, Kerr CR, et al. How useful is thyroid function testing in patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation? The Canadian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156:2221.
32. European Heart Rhythm Association, European Association for Cardio- Thoracic Surgery, Camm AJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2010; 31:2369. 33. Leong DP, Eikelboom JW, Healey JS, Connolly SJ. Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased mortality: causation or association? Eur Heart J 2013; 34:1027.
34. Corley SD, Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, et al. Relationships between sinus rhythm, treatment, and survival in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study. Circulation 2004; 109:1509.
35. Pedersen OD, Bagger H, Keller N, et al. Efficacy of dofetilide in the treatment of atrial fibrillation-flutter in patients with reduced left ventricular function: a Danish investigations of arrhythmia and mortality on dofetilide (diamond) substudy. Circulation 2001; 104:292.
36. Andersson T, Magnuson A, Bryngelsson IL, et al. All-cause mortality in 272,186 patients hospitalized with incident atrial fibrillation 1995-2008: a Swedish nationwide long-term case-control study. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:1061.
37. Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1998; 98:946. 38. Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DJ, McMurray JJ. A population-based study of
the long-term risks associated with atrial fibrillation: 20-year follow-up of the Renfrew/Paisley study. Am J Med 2002; 113:359.
39. Conen D, Chae CU, Glynn RJ, et al. Risk of death and cardiovascular events in initially healthy women with new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2011; 305:2080.
40. Crenshaw BS, Ward SR, Granger CB, et al. Atrial fibrillation in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: the GUSTO-I experience. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA for Occluded Coronary Arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30:406.
41. Eldar M, Canetti M, Rotstein Z, et al. Significance of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era. SPRINT and Thrombolytic Survey Groups. Circulation 1998; 97:965. 42. Goldberg RJ, Seeley D, Becker RC, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the in-hospital and long-term survival of patients with acute myocardial infarction: a community-wide perspective. Am Heart J 1990; 119:996. 43. Chen LY, Sotoodehnia N, Bůžková P, et al. Atrial fibrillation and the risk
of sudden cardiac death: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study and cardiovascular health study. JAMA Intern Med 2013; 173:29.
44. Marijon E, Le Heuzey JY, Connolly S, et al. Causes of death and influencing factors in patients with atrial fibrillation: a competing-risk analysis from the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy study. Circulation 2013; 128:2192.
45. Lip GY, Lane D, Van Walraven C, Hart RG. Additive role of plasma von Willebrand factor levels to clinical factors for risk stratification of patients with atrial fibrillation. Stroke 2006; 37:2294.
46. Lip GY, Patel JV, Hughes E, Hart RG. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and soluble CD40 ligand as indices of inflammation and platelet activation in 880 patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: relationship to stroke risk factors, stroke risk stratification schema, and prognosis. Stroke 2007; 38:1229.
47. Roldán V, Marín F, Muiña B, et al. Plasma von Willebrand factor levels are an independent risk factor for adverse events including mortality and major bleeding in anticoagulated atrial fibrillation patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:2496.
48. Vílchez JA, Roldán V, Manzano-Fernández S, et al. β-Trace protein and prognosis in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving anticoagulation treatment. Chest 2013; 144:1564.
49. Schmitt J, Duray G, Gersh BJ, Hohnloser SH. Atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review of the incidence, clinical features and prognostic implications. Eur Heart J 2009; 30:1038.
50. Garg RK, Jolly N. Acute myocardial infarction secondary to thromboembolism in a patient with atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol 2007; 123:e18.
51. Soliman EZ, Safford MM, Muntner P, et al. Atrial fibrillation and the risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA Intern Med 2014; 174:107.
52. Fitzmaurice DA, Hobbs FD, Jowett S, et al. Screening versus routine practice in detection of atrial fibrillation in patients aged 65 or over: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007; 335:383.
53. Moran PS, Flattery MJ, Teljeur C, et al. Effectiveness of systematic screening for the detection of atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 4:CD009586.
54. Iturralde-Torres P, Lara-Vaca S, Cordero-Cabra A, Nava-Townsend S, Mendoza C, Márquez MF, et al. Diseño de un registro multicéntrico para evaluar control de ritmo contra control de la frecuencia en fibrilación auricular: Registro Mexicano de Fibrilación Auricular (ReMeFA). Arch Cardiol Mex 2011;81(1):13-17.
55. Labadet C, Liniado G, Ferreirós ER, Molina Viamonte V, Di Toro D, Cragnolino R y col. Resultados del Primer Estudio Nacional, Multicéntrico y Prospectivo de Fibrilación Auricular Crónica en la República Argentina. Rev Argent Cardiol 2001;69:49-67.4
56. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, Levy D. Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population based estimates. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82: 2N-9N.
57. The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:1505.
58. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Final results. Circulation 1991; 84:527.
59. Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. Lancet 1994; 343:687.
60. Petersen P, Boysen G, Godtfredsen J, et al. Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen AFASAK study. Lancet 1989; 1:175.
61. Ezekowitz MD, Bridgers SL, James KE, et al. Warfarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1406.
62. Connolly SJ, Laupacis A, Gent M, et al. Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 18:349.
63. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154:1449.
64. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:857.
65. van Walraven C, Hart RG, Singer DE, et al. Oral anticoagulants vs aspirin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: an individual patient meta- analysis. JAMA 2002; 288:2441.
66. Cooper NJ, Sutton AJ, Lu G, Khunti K. Mixed comparison of stroke prevention treatments in individuals with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:1269.
67. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1206.
68. McNamara RL, Tamariz LJ, Segal JB, Bass EB. Management of atrial fibrillation: review of the evidence for the role of pharmacologic therapy, electrical cardioversion, and echocardiography. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139:1018.
69. Singer DE, Chang Y, Fang MC, et al. The net clinical benefit of warfarin anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151:297.
70. Go AS, Hylek EM, Chang Y, et al. Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: how well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice? JAMA 2003; 290:2685.
71. Hart RG, Pearce LA. Current status of stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation. Stroke 2009; 40:2607.
72. Agarwal S, Hachamovitch R, Menon V. Current trial-associated outcomes with warfarin in prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172:623.
73. Gallagher AM, van Staa TP, Murray-Thomas T, et al. Population-based cohort study of warfarin-treated patients with atrial fibrillation: incidence of cardiovascular and bleeding outcomes. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e003839. 74. Johnsen SP, Svendsen ML, Hansen ML, et al. Preadmission oral
anticoagulant treatment and clinical outcome among patients hospitalized with acute stroke and atrial fibrillation: a nationwide study. Stroke 2014; 45:168.
75. Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, et al. Death and disability from warfarin- associated intracranial and extracranial hemorrhages. Am J Med 2007; 120:700.
76. Poli D, Antonucci E, Grifoni E, et al. Bleeding risk during oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation patients older than 80 years. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54:999.
77. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006; 48:e149.
78. Hughes M, Lip GY, Guideline Development Group for the NICE national clinical guideline for management of atrial fibrillation in primary and secondary care. Risk factors for anticoagulation-related bleeding complications in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. QJM 2007; 100:599.
79. Olesen JB, Lip GY, Lindhardsen J, et al. Risks of thromboembolism and bleeding with thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation: A net clinical benefit analysis using a 'real world' nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:739.
80. Banerjee A, Lane DA, Torp-Pedersen C, Lip GY. Net clinical benefit of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus no treatment in a 'real world' atrial fibrillation population: a modelling analysis based on a nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:584.
81. Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lip GY. Net clinical benefit of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a report from the Swedish atrial fibrillation cohort study. Circulation 2012; 125:2298.
82. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2014; 383:955. 83. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in
patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:1139.
84. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:883.
85. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:981.
86. Dentali F, Riva N, Crowther M, et al. Efficacy and safety of the novel oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Circulation 2012; 126:2381.
87. Adam SS, McDuffie JR, Ortel TL, Williams JW Jr. Comparative effectiveness of warfarin and new oral anticoagulants for the management of atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2012; 157:796.
88. Ntaios G, Papavasileiou V, Diener HC, et al. Nonvitamin-K-antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke 2012; 43:3298.
89. Bruins Slot KM, Berge E. Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 8:CD008980.
90. Salazar CA, del Aguila D, Cordova EG. Direct thrombin inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in
people with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 3:CD009893.
91. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1139-1151. Disponible en: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm396470.htm (Accessed on May 14, 2014).
92. Data from Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips K, et al. JAMA 2001; 285:2370. 93. aissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial
fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med 1998;339:659- 666. Abstract.
94. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 2001; 285:2370.
95. Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip EP, et al. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2004; 110:1042.
96. Watanabe H, Tanabe N, Watanabe T, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of development of atrial fibrillation: the Niigata preventive medicine study. Circulation 2008; 117:1255.
97. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, et al. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow- Up Study. Am J Med 1995; 98:476.
98. González-Juanatey JR, Alegría E, Lozano JV, Llisterri JL, García Acuña JM, González Maqueda I. Impacto de la hipertensión en las cardiopatías en España. Estudio Cardiotens 1999. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2001;54:139-49. 99. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial
fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 1994; 271:840.
100. T. Schoen, A. Pradhan, C. Albert y D. Cohen. Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y riesgo de incidencia de fibrilación auricular en mujeres. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2012, 60: 1421-8.
101. Wanahita N, Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Gami AS, Somers VK, Steinberg J.S. Atrial fibrillation and obesity—results of a meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2008; 155:310-5.
102. Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, et al. Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2003; 107:2920. 103. Pozzoli M y col: Predictors of primary atrial fibrillation and concomitant
clinical and hemodynamic changes in patients with chronic heart failure: a prospective study in 334 patients with baseline sinus rhythm. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 197
104. Healey JS, Connolly SJ, Gold MR, et al. Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med 2012; 366:120.
105. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. A report of the
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1852-923.
106. Julián Aristizábal, MD.(1); William Uribe, MD.(1); Eduardo Medina, MD.(1); Jorge E. Velásquez, MD.(1); Jorge E. Marín, MD.(1); Mauricio Duque, MD.(1, 2) Fibrilación auricular: una mirada actual Rev. Colomb. Cardiol. vol.19 no.5 Bogota Sept./Oct. 2012
107. Jabaudon D, Sztajzel J, Sievert K, et al. Usefulness of ambulatory 7- day ECG monitoring for the detection of atrial fibrillation and flutter after acute stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke 2004; 35:1647.
108. Evans A, Kalra L. Are the results of randomized controlled trials on anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation generalizable to clinical practice? Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:1443.
109. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA 2001; 285:2864.
110. Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D, et al. A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 2003; 290:1049.
111. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin