Long Term Evolution

The first generation of mobile phones was analog system with voice call and no data services. In the second generation, data communication was introduced through General Radio Packet Service GPRS with low data rates. Later, more data rates were provided by High Speed Packet Data Access HSPDA. The latest technology is Long Term Evolution LTE. LTE can provide up to 100 Mbps for downlink channel. Figure.1 shows the development of Mobile communication .

In this article, we evaluate the economic gains of a joint deployment of femtocells and macrocells for the provision of long-term evolution mobile broadband services in urban environments. Frequency bands of 2.6 GHz and 900 MHz are analyzed and different parameters related to the business model are considered for a 30% market share operator. Results show important benefits for the case where the service is based on a closed subscriber group access to the femtocells, which the operator does not subsidy: up to 74% for small bandwidth (5 MHz). A business model approach based on open subscriber group access to the femtocell can also be interesting for the operator, although in this case, wholesale subscriber loop costs and femtocells cost are taken into account; thus, savings slightly decrease compared to the previous case. In addition, initial savings are reduced in 8 – 20% if the operator ’ s existing sites are reused.

Third-generation (3G) wireless systems, based on wideband code-division multiple access (WCDMA) radio access tech- nology, are now being deployed on a broad scale all over the world. However, user and operator requirements and expectations are continuously evolving, and competing radio access technologies are emerging. Thus it was important for 3GPP to start considering the next steps in 3G evolution, in order to ensure 3G competitiveness in a 10-year perspective and beyond. As a consequence, 3GPP has launched the study item evolved UTRA and UTRAN, the aim of which was to study means to achieve further substantial leaps in terms of service provisioning and cost reduction. The overall target of this long-term evolution (LTE) of 3G was to arrive at an evolved radio access technology that can provide service performance on a parity with current fixed line access. As it is generally assumed that there will be a convergence towards the use of Internet Protocol (IP)-based protocols (i.e., all services in the future will be carried on top of

Abstract—These instructions give you guidelines for preparing pap The surfacing of a Long Term Evolution (LTE) in a mobile networks environment was welcomed by the public due to its promising high speed and capacity in both voice and internet services. The number of subscribers to this network continues to increase daily thereby giving rise to congestion on the scarce resources available for allocation to the subscribers. Scheduling is one of the methods that that can be employed to mitigate the congestion on the network; as a result, several scheduling algorithms on the management of Radio Blocks (RBs) in LTE Networks were studied. Thereafter, a new prioritized algorithm was designed and simulated using Simulink in MATLAB. The results were compared to Best CQI and Round Robin. The proposed algorithm showed promising statistics in comparison with the Best CQI and Round Robin algorithms in terms of throughput and resource block allocation fairness.

In Long Term Evolution Advanced Technology Handovers is the basic criteria of mobility of the user in cellular networks in Time Division Duplex and Frequency Division Duplex. Handover is one of the essential elements that can affect the Quality of Service (QoS) and Capacity of Mobile Broadband Networks. In the cellular network communication systems, a limited shared resource (spectrum) needs to be shared with all users so full duplex communication is possible. This paper involves studying the different Hand over delay parameters and also focusing on reducing “Hard Handover delay” by reducing interruption time, activation time, wireless channel access time and the wireless link transmission delay. An efficient handover is implemented by post optimization in order to reduce the handover delay time in Time Division Duplex network and it also reduces the wireless channel access time and the wireless link transmission delay. By analyzing the handover parameters with different air cell selection, cluster areas, signal strength and post optimization improvement in the Quality of service can be achieved. The future work on hard handover may be by applying different handover strategies to get better performance and Quality of service in Time Division Duplex and Frequency division Duplex mobile network.

However, it should be noted, that the results represented in this paper should be treated as a preliminary concept. The halocline formed in the numerical experiments, having been compared to that formed in the actual conditions, turns out to be too shallow. This is due to significant influence of wind mixing and heat exchange with the atmosphere upon the vertical structure of the sea upper layer fields. Wind mixing and seasonal variation of the heat flows on the sea surface result in formation of the upper mixed and the cold intermediate layers, which presumably, push off the described in this paper halocline deeper. The additional effect that is to be taken into consideration is related to subduction of cold waters from the Black Sea northwestern shelf [22] and from the upper parts of cyclonic gyres [23]. The wind effect, along with the upper layer mixing, leads to formation of the Rim Current and to the associated with it surface salinity change through its front. Due to this fact, salinity in the central and coastal parts of the sea is different; and when modeling the long-term evolution of the Black Sea stratification, one should necessarily take into account both the transfrontal salt transport by the mesoscale eddies [24, 26–28] and the seasonally varying Ekman transport [25-28].

The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced is envisaged as the fourth generation cellular standard, and is aligned with existing third generation deployments, e.g., Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The goals of LTE-Advanced are to improve the peak throughput by increasing the numbers of transmit and receive antennas. One of the key enabling technologies of LTE-Advanced is coordinated multipoint (CoMP) that targets to improve the cell-edge performance as well as overall network spectral efficiency through base stations (BSs) coordination.

ITH the increasing popularity of all sorts of mobile devices and Apps, modern life is being brought into a new era of mobile communications in recent years. To address the intense demand, the wireless technology for the fourth generation (4G) [1] of mobile broadband communications is standardized. 4G candidate systems including Mobile WiMAX [2] and LTE (Long Term Evolution) [3-4] are commercially deployed. LTE standard is defined and supported by all major players in the telecommunication industry and is backward compatible with GSM/UMTS cellular systems, which makes LTE deployment easier than Mobile WiMAX, giving LTE benefit over its competitors in 4G market.

Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by an impaired vasodilation in response to changes in the local hemodynamic forces and vasoactive substances and can initiate the atherosclerotic pathway [29]. Since athero- sclerotic disease initiated by endothelial dysfunction is a frequent cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with ESRD, studying changes in endothelial function by FMD may provide important information to evaluate potential interventions to address risk modifica- tion for cardiovascular disease following kidney trans- plantation [29]. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the long term evolution of endothelial function in kidney transplantation. We report that the improved endothelial function observed immediately post trans- plant is well maintained up to 2 years post transplant- ation. In multivariate models, only age and sex were predictors of FMD.

For this project we need to design and also develop high efficiency power amplifier design for Long Term Evolution (LTE). To design power amplifier, we choose to use Advanced Design System (ADS) software compare to Power Amplifier Design (PACAD) software. To develop power amplifier, we have to fabricate design from ADS software. ADS software also can print the circuit to the PCB board to fabricate.

ABSTRACT: Microstrip patch antennas are mostly preferred over other antennas to be fit in Mobile, Aircraft and Satellites due to very small sizes. Hence designing and development of superior & cost effective microstrip patch antenna is an active research area. A Microstrip line fed, line slot, double-band, rectangular microstrip patch antenna is designed which is most suited for telecommunication applications. Microstrip patch antenna array design gives improved result in terms of return loss, bandwidth and gain. In this paper various work related to antenna array is discussed. Most of the research work proposed for long term evolution application.

Abstract: 3rd generation Partnership Project (3gPP) has come up with a technology called Long Term Evolution (LTE) to attain a new high speed radio access in the field of mobile communications. Design of wireless communication system has been an important and challenging problem due to the nature of wireless channel. There are number of factors involved in the performance of a LTE system. Orthogonal Frequency Division multiple access (OFDma) and Single Carrier Frequency Division multiple access (SC-FDma) are a dominant part of future mobile communication. This paper describes about LTE physical layer, OFDma and SC-FDma receiver and transmitter structures, draw attention on the factor that influences the performance and improvement of multiple access techniques. The substantial use of the adaptive modulation in LTE is the main highlight of the paper. The selection of modulation techniques on the basis of BEr, Error probability and SNr are computed.

According to article [9], to support Evolved Packet System (EPS) in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has proposed an authentication and key agreement (AKA) protocol, named EPS-AKA, which has become an emerging standard for fourth-generation (4G) wireless communications.

target of this long-term evolution (LTE) of 3G, sometimes also referred to as Super-3G, is to arrive at an evolved radio access technology that can provide service performance on a par with or even exceeding that of current fixed line accesses, at substantially reduced cost compared to current radio access technologies. As it is gen- erally assumed that there will be a convergence toward the use of Internet Protocol (IP)-based protocols (i.e., all services in the future will be carried on top of IP), the focus of this evolution should be on enhancements for packet-based services. 3GPP aims to conclude on the evolved 3G radio access technology in 2007, with subse- quent initial deployment in the 2009–2010 time- frame. At this point, it is important to emphasize that this evolved radio access network (RAN) is an evolution of current 3G networks, building on already made investments.

ABSTRACT: The generation LTE (Long Term Evolution) uses two main techniques which are, OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output). In FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) has a very low level of spectral efficiency when compared with OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) which has a very high spectral efficiency. In OFDM, there is a loss in orthogonality in subcarriers leads to ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) as well as ICI (Inter Carrier Interference). So, this can be reduced by using cyclic prefix which uses a bandwidth by 20% which is available. The use of wavelet OFDM can reduce the BER (Bit Error Rate) and it have a very good orthogonality as well. The spectrum efficiency in wavelet OFDM is improved, because there is no use of cyclic prefix in the wavelet OFDM. The DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) has been replaced by the wavelet based OFDM in LTE. The comparison of BER (Bit Error Rate) performance has been done between the conventional OFDM and wavelet based OFDM.

In the current market, demand for high-volume data streams for modern wireless communication systems is growing at a fast pace. To keep up with the trend to higher throughput requirements within unchanged bandwidth (BW) limitations, the long-term evolution-advanced (LTE-A) technology has become a popular solution for replacing the data transfer over 2G/3G communication networks. It is expected that within the next decade LTE-A will become the primary cellular standard. The reason for this rapid increase in popularity of LTE-A is points to the low cost and high performance that is provided by this technology. Other than providing the standard of choice for commercial networks, LTE-A is also often used to broadcast emergency information in times of natural disasters and national crisis situations and is under investigation for further end use application in government as well as military application fields. However, LTE-A has some vulnerabilities which are a matter of concern since it is possible to completely take down an LTE-A network or at least partially block communication network intentionally or unintentionally. A clear understanding of the LTE-A technology and its vulnerabilities is very important for commercial, civil-governmental and defense applications. Rohde & Schwarz (2012) has published application notes which address the coexistence issues of LTE-A with the others. This paper briefly touches relevant basics of LTE-A, highlights area of greatest susceptibility to interference and jamming of the LTE-A network as well as coexistence problems. It also takes a look into the mitigation technique. The overall aim of this paper is to help build a strong perspective on the possible deployment of the LTE-A technology for future commercial, civil-governmental, and military applications.

Having modelled the capture of Trojans during the migration of Neptune, Nesvorn´y & Vokrouhlicky (2009) suggest that dynamical capture models fail to produce any significant captured population moving on highly inclined orbits (i > 20 ◦ ). Indeed, no such objects were obtained in any of their integrations. Our results, however, reveal a different problem. Although the two scenarios which best reproduced the observed Trojan population (C-18-slow and C-23- slow) yielded a reasonable number of Trojans on highly inclined orbits, they failed to produce any objects moving on highly inclined (i > 20 ◦ ) orbits whilst simultaneously possessing low eccentricities (e < 0.1; compare the bottom panel of Fig. 1 with Fig. 5). This is not, however, a reflection of the long-term evolution of the system in this work, but rather reflects the primordial distribution of cap- tured objects at the end of planetary migration in those scenarios (Section 4). Since no such objects were produced during the mi- gration of the planets (see Paper I), it is not unexpected that none were found after 1 Gyr of post-migration evolution. How could this problem be solved? One could envision scenarios in which colli- sional grinding of such objects might act to create a population on less-eccentric orbits, but we remind the reader that our work is presently concerned with ‘large’ Trojans, for which collisional effects should play no significant role. Nesvorn´y & Vokrouhlicky (2009) suggested that the use of an initially dynamically excited (rather than dynamically cold, as used in their work and here) plan- etesimal disc could be a possible solution for this problem. How- ever, such a scenario would require an as-yet-unknown mechanism to act to excite the disc, since gravitational scattering by the four giant planets (as modelled in this work) seems insufficient. Possible solutions may require a somewhat more complicated planetary mi- gration scenario than the admittedly simplified version described in this work (e.g. Brasser et al. 2009; Morbidelli et al. 2009) or the pre- excitation of the planetesimal disc prior to planetary migration by massive embryos (e.g. Lykawka & Mukai 2008). Perhaps, too, the initial architecture of the system was somewhat different from that studied here. Future studies will clearly have to address this prob- lem, in order to try to explain the existence of 2005 TN53, 2007 VL305 and 2008 LC18, the three high-i Trojans known at the present time.

Machine2Machine: The wireless M2M market represents a huge opportunity for mobile operators. Applications in remote management, industrial data collection, intrusion control and healthcare are expected to account for 10% of operator revenues in 2010. The benefits are substantial: M2M contracts are long-term: machines do not churn, nor ask for expensive voice support, and while the volume of data traffic generated by an individual device may be small, the total number of machines is huge. However, the market is calling for a solution that combines traditional smart card security with an altogether more rugged form factor that responds to the extreme, industrial demands of the M2M environment. It must be simple to deploy, able to reduce spiraling logistical costs and invulnerable to theft, while reinforcing the role of the wireless carrier in the value chain. This is why smart card manufacturers have developed a more robust, dedicated M2M product range which comes in the form of an electrical component integrated into the M2M module at the manufacturing stage.

The very high substitution rates observed for the CP gene of CABYV (at ⬎ 1 ⫻ 10 ⫺2 subs/site/year) merit special attention, as they represent some of the highest rates observed to date in a plant RNA virus. However, such an elevated rate is likely to be a function of the fact that these sequences were only sam- pled over a very short time period (5 years). Sequences sam- pled over a short time scale tend to produce artificially inflated rate estimates, reflecting short-term mutation rates that in- clude the circulation of transient deleterious mutations (i.e., polymorphisms), rather than more meaningful long-term rates FIG. 2. Maximum clade credibility phylogeny of the family Luteoviridae based on the CPov data set using 20 sequences per species and an empirical prior distribution on the substitution rate. Branch tip times reflect the times of viral sampling. The tree is automatically rooted through the use of a relaxed molecular clock, and the total depth of the tree is the TMRCA of the family Luteoviridae. Asterisks indicate nodes with posterior probabilities of ⱖ 0.90. Horizontal blue bars denote 95% HPD intervals for the age of each node. Vertical black bars delimit sequence

The arrival rate of calls into the network is governed by an underlying Markov chain such that when this Markov chain is in state s, new calls arrive into cell i according to a Poisson p[r]